Biomolecules – carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins - One Line Questions

1. Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not typically in RNA? — Thymine
2. In DNA, the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with: — Cytosine (C)
3. The basic building block of nucleic acids is the: — Nucleotide
4. A nucleotide consists of three components: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a: — Nitrogenous base
5. Triglycerides are esters formed from glycerol and which type of molecule? — Fatty acids
6. The sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA molecule determines the sequence of: — Amino acids in a protein
7. The 'B' vitamins are generally a group of compounds that function as: — Coenzymes
8. Saturated fatty acids have which characteristic in their hydrocarbon chain? — No double bonds
9. Vitamin E's primary role in the body is as a(n): — Antioxidant
10. Glycogen, the storage form of glucose in animals, is primarily found in which two organs? — Liver and muscles
11. Which polysaccharide provides structural support in fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods? — Chitin
12. What is the chemical name for Vitamin B12? — Cobalamin
13. Which sugar is found in RNA? — Ribose
14. What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar component? — DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose.
15. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms? — Energy storage and structural support
16. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? — Genetic information storage
17. Which class of lipids includes hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and cholesterol? — Steroids
18. Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of which B vitamin? — Niacin (Vitamin B3)
19. Cellulose, a major structural component of plant cell walls, is a polymer of which monosaccharide? — Glucose
20. Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and which other monosaccharide? — Galactose
21. Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is a disaccharide made up of glucose and: — Fructose
22. Which amino acid is unique because it is an imino acid, where the side chain is bonded back to the amino group? — Proline
23. Which polysaccharide serves as the main energy storage form in plants? — Starch
24. The bond that links amino acids together in a polypeptide chain is called a: — Peptide bond
25. What is the main function of triglycerides in animals? — Long-term energy storage
26. Denaturation of proteins involves the disruption of their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not their: — Peptide bonds
27. The tertiary structure of a protein is stabilized by interactions between the R-groups of amino acids. Which of the following interactions is NOT typically involved? — Peptide bonds
28. The double helix structure of DNA was famously discovered by Watson and Crick, based in part on the X-ray diffraction data of: — Rosalind Franklin
29. Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis? — Transfer RNA (tRNA)
30. Which type of carbohydrate is characterized by containing more than 10 monosaccharide units linked together? — Polysaccharide
31. What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins? — Amino acids
32. Which of the following is the simplest form of carbohydrate, often referred to as a simple sugar? — Monosaccharide
33. Which of the following is a function of lipids? — Primary energy source
34. Which level of protein structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids? — Primary structure
35. Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets are examples of which level of protein structure? — Secondary structure
36. The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, including all secondary and tertiary structural elements, defines its: — Tertiary structure
37. Which is a primary function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes? — Modulating membrane fluidity
38. Which nucleic acid carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms? — Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
39. What are the two main types of nucleic acids found in living organisms? — DNA and RNA
40. A deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to which condition in children? — Rickets
41. Which of the following is a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids? — They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
42. The process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA template is called: — Translation
43. Which molecule serves as the template for protein synthesis during transcription? — Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
44. Which type of lipid is the primary component of cell membranes? — Phospholipids
45. Which vitamin is known as ascorbic acid and is important for collagen synthesis and as an antioxidant? — Vitamin C
46. Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation? — Vitamin D
47. Which B vitamin deficiency causes beriberi? — Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
48. Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for the proper functioning of an organism. Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? — Vitamin A
49. Which vitamin is crucial for blood clotting? — Vitamin K
50. Which vitamin is essential for vision, particularly in dim light, and is found in carrots? — Vitamin A
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