Cell division – mitosis, meiosis, regulation and significance - One Line Questions

1. If a diploid organism has 2n = 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be present in each daughter cell after mitosis? — 16
2. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of: — A cell plate
3. The term 'gamete' refers to: — A reproductive cell (sperm or egg)
4. Which of the following is a key regulatory protein that, when mutated, can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer? — p53
5. Which of the following is a key difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells? — Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
6. What is a consequence of uncontrolled cell division? — Cancer
7. What is the term for the point where homologous chromosomes are connected during diplotene of meiosis I? — Chiasma
8. What is the term for the specialized structure formed by microtubules during mitosis and meiosis that separates chromosomes? — Spindle apparatus
9. Which of the following is a key event of telophase in mitosis? — Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes
10. The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point, primarily assesses: — Cell size, nutrients, and growth factors
11. Which protein is primarily responsible for degrading cyclins to allow progression through the cell cycle? — Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)
12. Which protein complex acts as a 'molecular clock' and regulates the progression through the cell cycle checkpoints? — Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
13. Which organism was famously used by E.B. Wilson to study chromosome behavior during cell division? — Ascaris megalocephala (roundworm)
14. What are cyclins? — Proteins whose concentrations fluctuate cyclically during the cell cycle
15. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in: — Four haploid cells
16. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? — S phase
17. During anaphase of mitosis, the centromeres divide, and sister chromatids become: — Daughter chromosomes
18. During anaphase II of meiosis, what is separated? — Sister chromatids
19. What is the significance of the M checkpoint (spindle checkpoint)? — It ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before anaphase begins.
20. What is the significance of the synaptonemal complex? — It holds homologous chromosomes together during synapsis.
21. What is the role of p53 in cell cycle regulation? — It can halt the cell cycle if DNA damage is detected, allowing for repair.
22. What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase of mitosis? — It breaks down into small vesicles.
23. Crossing over, an important event in meiosis that contributes to genetic diversity, occurs during which phase? — Pachytene
24. Which phase of meiosis is most similar to mitosis in terms of chromosome behavior? — Meiosis II
25. In mitosis, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles during: — Anaphase
26. Which type of cell division occurs in somatic cells? — Mitosis
27. Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis I? — Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while mitosis separates sister chromatids.
28. The formation of bivalents (or tetrads) is a hallmark of which stage? — Meiotic prophase I
29. The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I is called: — Nondisjunction
30. The term 'diploid' refers to a cell having: — Two sets of chromosomes
31. What is the end product of meiosis in males? — Four sperm cells
32. What are centrosomes and their role in mitosis? — Microtubule-organizing centers; they form the spindle fibers.
33. Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis? — Interphase
34. Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the decondensation of chromosomes and the reformation of the nuclear envelope? — Telophase
35. Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate? — Metaphase
36. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate? — Anaphase I
37. The G0 phase of the cell cycle is characterized by: — A quiescent state outside the cell cycle
38. During diakinesis of meiosis I, the chromosomes: — Reach maximum condensation and chiasmata become visible.
39. What is the significance of cytokinesis? — Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells
40. Which statement best describes the outcome of meiosis II? — Separation of sister chromatids in haploid cells
41. The G2 checkpoint ensures that: — DNA replication is complete and any errors are repaired
42. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors: — The attachment of all chromosomes to the spindle microtubules
43. The term 'ploidy' refers to: — The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
44. What is the role of kinetochores in cell division? — They are protein structures on centromeres where spindle fibers attach.
45. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a crucial process for: — Tissue regeneration and development
46. What is the primary function of cyclins in cell cycle regulation? — To bind to and activate CDKs
47. What is the primary purpose of mitosis? — To produce genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair
48. What is the primary significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction? — To maintain a constant chromosome number across generations
49. Which of the following is a product of mitosis? — Two genetically identical diploid cells
50. The formation of the synaptonemal complex is characteristic of which stage of meiosis? — Zygotene
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