Data communication fundamentals: signals, bandwidth, modulation, multiplexing, transmission media and error handling. - One Line Questions

1. A signal with a frequency of 100 Hz and 1000 Hz is transmitted. What is the bandwidth of this signal? — 900 Hz
2. What does a checksum typically provide in error handling? — A simple method for error detection
3. Which modulation technique encodes data by changing the frequency of the carrier wave? — FM
4. Which of the following is a type of digital modulation? — PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
5. The range of frequencies available for a communication channel is known as: — Bandwidth
6. The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies is called: — Bandwidth
7. Which modulation technique is used in traditional radio broadcasting (like FM radio)? — Frequency Modulation (FM)
8. Which type of signal represents data as discrete values (e.g., 0s and 1s)? — Digital signal
9. In statistical TDM, if a time slot is not needed by a source, it is: — Assigned to another source immediately
10. A communication channel has a capacity of 10 Mbps. This refers to its: — Maximum data rate
11. Which transmission medium uses light pulses to transmit data over glass or plastic fibers? — Fiber optic cable
12. Which transmission medium offers the highest data transmission rates and is immune to EMI? — Fiber optic cable
13. Which type of cable consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together? — Ethernet cable (often UTP)
14. What does modulation in data communication refer to? — Encoding information onto a carrier signal
15. In Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), different signals are transmitted using: — Different wavelengths of light
16. A signal that varies continuously over time and amplitude is called: — Analog
17. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a form of: — Digital modulation
18. Which type of signal is characterized by a continuous range of amplitude and time values? — Analog signal
19. In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), how is channel access managed? — Each user is assigned a specific time slot
20. Demodulation is the process of: — Extracting the original message signal from the modulated carrier
21. Which of the following is an example of an unguided transmission medium? — Wi-Fi (Radio waves)
22. Which multiplexing technique allows multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously by assigning unique codes to each user's signal? — CDM
23. Which multiplexing technique uses orthogonal codes to separate signals, allowing them to share the same frequency band and time? — CDM
24. Which multiplexing technique is commonly used in optical fiber communication to send multiple signals over a single fiber? — WDM
25. Which transmission medium is susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI)? — Coaxial cable
26. Which modulation technique varies the amplitude of the carrier wave in accordance with the message signal? — Amplitude Modulation (AM)
27. Which modulation technique is used to transmit digital data over telephone lines (e.g., in modems)? — Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
28. What is the unit of bandwidth? — Hertz (Hz)
29. In FDM, guard bands are used to: — Prevent interference between adjacent channels
30. Which of the following is a characteristic of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)? — It varies both the amplitude and phase of the carrier signal.
31. What is a potential disadvantage of Synchronous TDM? — It is inefficient if data sources are not continuously active.
32. A signal with a bandwidth of 100 kHz can theoretically carry how many bits per second if the channel is noise-free (Shannon-Hartley theorem related concept)? — Directly proportional to bandwidth
33. What is the primary advantage of using fiber optic cables for data transmission? — Greater bandwidth and lower signal attenuation
34. What is the 'Hamming distance' used for in error control coding? — Determining the minimum number of bit changes required to transform one codeword into another
35. What is the process of converting a digital signal into an analog signal for transmission over an analog channel called? — Modulation
36. What is the process of converting an analog signal to a digital signal called? — Digitization (or Analog-to-Digital Conversion)
37. The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a communication channel is limited by its: — Bandwidth and noise level
38. A forward error correction (FEC) code can: — Detect and correct errors without retransmission
39. Which error handling technique involves sending a block of data and then calculating a value based on the data, which is transmitted along with it? — Checksum
40. What is a common method for detecting errors in transmitted data? — Parity checking
41. Which of the following is a guided transmission medium? — Twisted-pair cable
42. Which unguided transmission medium uses electromagnetic waves that travel in a straight line and are often used for point-to-point communication? — Microwaves
43. Which type of TDM assigns time slots dynamically based on demand? — Statistical TDM
44. The term 'signal-to-noise ratio' (SNR) is a measure of: — The desired signal strength relative to background noise
45. Which multiplexing technique divides the bandwidth of a channel into smaller, non-overlapping frequency bands? — Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
46. What is the primary goal of error correction codes (ECC)? — To detect errors and correct them without retransmission
47. What is the primary function of bandwidth in data communication? — To determine the speed of data transmission
48. What is the purpose of a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)? — To provide a more robust error detection mechanism than simple parity or checksums
49. What is the purpose of error handling in data communication? — To ensure the integrity and accuracy of transmitted data
50. What is a 'parity bit' used for? — To detect single-bit errors
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