Digital logic circuits and components: logic gates, Boolean algebra, map simplifications, combinational and sequential circuits, flip-flops, registers and counters, memory unit. - One Line Questions

1. What is the Boolean expression for the NAND gate with inputs A and B? — (A . B)'
2. In Boolean algebra, the expression A + A' is equal to: — 1
3. The expression A + 0 is equivalent to: — A
4. The expression A . 1 is equivalent to: — A
5. A T flip-flop toggles its output when the T input is: — 1
6. A BCD counter counts from: — 0 to 9
7. What is the minimum number of NAND gates required to implement an AND gate? — 2
8. What is the maximum number of states a 3-bit counter can represent? — 8
9. What is the Boolean expression for an OR gate with inputs A and B? — A + B
10. A synchronous counter has: — All flip-flops triggered by the same clock pulse
11. What is a ripple counter? — An asynchronous counter where the output of one flip-flop clocks the next
12. De Morgan's theorem states that (A + B)' is equivalent to: — A' . B'
13. Which gate is considered a universal gate, meaning any other logic gate can be constructed using only this type? — NAND gate
14. Which of the following is a characteristic of a synchronous sequential circuit? — All flip-flops triggered by a common clock
15. A half-adder circuit adds two bits and produces a sum and a: — Carry-out
16. A full-adder circuit adds three bits (two input bits and a carry-in) and produces a sum and a: — Carry-out
17. A flip-flop is a type of: — Sequential circuit
18. Which Boolean algebra property states that A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C? — Associative Property
19. Which Boolean algebra property states that A . (B + C) = (A . B) + (A . C)? — Distributive Property
20. A shift register can be used to: — Both (a) and (b)
21. A combinational circuit's output depends only on its: — Current input
22. A sequential circuit's output depends on its: — Current input and current state
23. Which type of flip-flop avoids the indeterminate state of an SR flip-flop by having J and K inputs connected together? — JK flip-flop
24. A counter is a sequential circuit that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of: — Clock pulses
25. A multiplexer (MUX) is a combinational circuit that selects one of several input lines and routes it to a single output line. The selection is controlled by: — Select lines
26. A demultiplexer (DEMUX) performs the reverse operation of a multiplexer. It takes a single input and routes it to one of several output lines, controlled by: — Select lines
27. Which of the following is an example of a sequential circuit? — Flip-flop
28. Which of the following is a type of RAM that uses latches to store each bit? — SRAM
29. Which type of flip-flop is sensitive to the rising edge of the clock pulse? — Edge-triggered D flip-flop
30. Which logic gate produces an output of 1 only if all of its inputs are 1? — AND gate
31. Which logic gate outputs 0 if either input is 0, and 1 only if both inputs are 1? — AND gate
32. The NOT gate is also known as an inverter because it: — Outputs the complement of the input
33. What is the characteristic equation for a JK flip-flop? — Q(t+1) = JQ' + J'Q
34. What does ROM stand for? — Read Only Memory
35. What does RAM stand for? — Random Access Memory
36. Which type of memory is volatile and loses its data when power is turned off? — RAM (Random Access Memory)
37. A decoder circuit takes a binary input and activates one of its multiple output lines based on the input value. It is a type of: — Combinational circuit
38. An encoder circuit performs the reverse function of a decoder. It takes multiple inputs and produces a binary code representing the active input. It is a type of: — Combinational circuit
39. What does the Karnaugh map (K-map) method simplify? — Combinational circuits
40. Which of the following is an example of a combinational circuit? — Adder
41. An SR latch with S=1 and R=1 results in an invalid or indeterminate state for: — SR latch
42. Which type of RAM requires periodic refreshing to maintain its data? — DRAM
43. Which memory type uses transistors and capacitors to store data? — DRAM
44. Which memory type is generally faster and more expensive per bit than DRAM? — SRAM
45. Which type of memory is non-volatile and retains its data even when power is off? — ROM (Read-Only Memory)
46. What is a 'state' in the context of sequential circuits? — The current values stored in the flip-flops
47. What is the main function of a register? — To store a group of bits
48. What is the primary function of a clock signal in sequential circuits? — To synchronize state changes
49. What is the purpose of a 'preset' or 'clear' input on a flip-flop? — To asynchronously set or reset the flip-flop's state
50. A D flip-flop is also known as a: — Delay flip-flop
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