DNA and RNA structure, replication, repair, transcription, RNA processing, genetic code - One Line Questions

1. In transcription, the DNA template strand sequence is read in which direction? — 3' to 5'
2. A frameshift mutation occurs when there is an insertion or deletion of nucleotides that is: — Not a multiple of three.
3. RNA processing in eukaryotes involves several steps, including: — All of the above.
4. Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein variants by: —
5. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule is complementary to the: — Codon on the mRNA.
6. Which of the following codons is a 'stop' codon, terminating translation? — UAG
7. Which type of DNA repair mechanism corrects errors made by DNA polymerase during replication? — Mismatch repair
8. Antisense RNA molecules can regulate gene expression by: — Binding to mRNA and preventing translation.
9. The process of removing non-coding regions (introns) from pre-mRNA and joining the coding regions (exons) is called: — Splicing
10. What is the function of mRNA? — Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
11. What is the function of rRNA? — Forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes.
12. What is the function of tRNA? — Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome.
13. The RNA molecule synthesized during transcription has a sequence that is complementary to the template strand and similar to the: — Coding strand of DNA.
14. During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized: — Discontinuously in Okazaki fragments.
15. The DNA double helix is held together by which type of bonds? — Hydrogen bonds
16. Which of the following is a key structural difference between DNA and RNA? — All of the above.
17. The process of reverse transcription, carried out by reverse transcriptase, synthesizes: — DNA from an RNA template.
18. Which enzyme catalyzes transcription? — RNA polymerase
19. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation. Their replication is a specialized process involving: — Reverse transcriptase and a special RNA template
20. Which of the following best describes the structure of RNA? — Single-stranded helix with ribose sugar and uracil.
21. In DNA, which base pairs with Adenine? — Thymine
22. Which enzyme is primarily responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication? — DNA ligase
23. DNA repair mechanisms are crucial for: — Maintaining genomic stability.
24. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic mRNA is important for: — Initiating translation by binding to the ribosome.
25. The genetic code is nearly universal, meaning: — Most organisms use the same codons for the same amino acids.
26. A nucleoside differs from a nucleotide in that the nucleoside: — Lacks a phosphate group.
27. The genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into: — Proteins
28. Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA involved in protein synthesis? — Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
29. The process of DNA repair that corrects damage from alkylating agents or ionizing radiation, often involving removal of a modified base and subsequent gap filling, is known as: — Base excision repair
30. Nucleotide excision repair is a mechanism that removes and replaces damaged nucleotides caused by: — Bulky lesions like UV-induced pyrimidine dimers.
31. Which of the following is a characteristic of the genetic code? — Non-overlapping
32. How many nucleotide bases form a codon? — Three
33. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information as: — DNA -> RNA -> Protein
34. What is the primary function of DNA? — Carrying genetic information
35. Exons are: — Regions of mRNA that are translated into protein.
36. Introns are: — Regions of pre-mRNA that are removed during splicing.
37. The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called: — Transcription
38. What is the sequence of events in gene expression? — Replication -> Transcription -> Translation
39. Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during replication? — DNA polymerase
40. Which type of RNA interference mechanism uses short, double-stranded RNA molecules to trigger degradation of target mRNA? — siRNA (small interfering RNA)
41. The genetic code is described as degenerate because: — More than one codon can specify the same amino acid.
42. Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading and removing incorrect nucleotides during DNA replication? — Exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase
43. The process of transcription initiation in eukaryotes involves the binding of transcription factors to the: — Promoter region
44. Okazaki fragments are short segments of DNA synthesized on: — The lagging strand.
45. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously because: — There is no nuclear envelope separating DNA and ribosomes.
46. What is the purpose of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA? — To facilitate ribosome binding for translation.
47. What is the role of helicase in DNA replication? — To unwind the DNA double helix.
48. What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases? — To attach the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule.
49. The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called: — Replication
50. Which of the following codons is a 'start' codon, initiating translation? — AUG
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