Earth Structure and Geological Processes - One Line Questions

1. The deposition of sediment by wind is called: — Loess
2. What is the name for the rigid outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the upper part of the mantle? — Lithosphere
3. Slate is a metamorphic rock formed from which type of parent rock? — Shale
4. What type of volcano is characterized by broad, gently sloping sides formed by layers of fluid lava flows? — Shield volcano
5. What type of plate boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other? — Divergent boundary
6. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of which type of plate boundary? — Divergent boundary
7. What type of plate boundary is characterized by plates sliding past each other horizontally? — Transform boundary
8. The San Andreas Fault in California is a famous example of which type of plate boundary? — Transform boundary
9. What is a large, basin-shaped volcanic depression that can form after a major eruption causes the ground to collapse? — Caldera
10. The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten metal in which layer? — Outer Core
11. When two continental plates converge, what is the most common geological feature formed? — Extensive mountain ranges
12. The process by which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by physical or chemical means is called: — Weathering
13. What is the term for the force that tends to deform rocks, often leading to folding and faulting? — Stress
14. A volcano that is currently erupting or has erupted in recorded history is classified as: — Active
15. The asthenosphere is a region within the Earth's mantle that is characterized by its: — Plasticity and ability to flow
16. A bend or wave-like deformation in rock layers, usually caused by compressional stress, is called a: — Fold
17. A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock where there has been significant displacement is called a: — Fault
18. What is the term for a block of crust that is uplifted between two normal faults? — Horst
19. The Earth's mantle is largely composed of what type of rock? — Peridotite
20. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from which type of parent rock? — Limestone
21. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the: — Epicenter
22. Rocks that are formed from the accumulation and cementation of mineral fragments or organic matter are called: — Sedimentary rocks
23. Rocks that have been transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions are known as: — Metamorphic rocks
24. What is the measure of the energy released at the source of an earthquake, often represented by a single number? — Magnitude
25. Magma that erupts onto the Earth's surface is called: — Lava
26. What is the innermost layer of the Earth called? — Inner Core
27. Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of silicate rocks and is relatively thin? — Crust
28. Which type of weathering involves the direct chemical alteration of minerals in rocks? — Chemical weathering
29. What is the term for the process where sediments are compacted and cemented together to form new rocks? — Lithification
30. A reverse fault where the fault plane has a low angle of dip is called a: — Thrust fault
31. What geological feature is formed at a divergent oceanic plate boundary where magma rises to form new crust? — Mid-ocean ridge
32. Composite volcanoes, also known as stratovolcanoes, are typically built from: — Alternating layers of lava, ash, and cinders
33. Which seismic wave travels through the Earth's interior and can pass through both solids and liquids? — P-wave (Primary wave)
34. What type of fault occurs when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, typically due to tensional stress? — Normal fault
35. What feature is typically formed when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate? — Volcanic mountain range on the continent
36. A convergent plate boundary where one tectonic plate slides beneath another is known as: — Subduction
37. The continuous process by which rocks are created, changed from one form to another, and destroyed is called the: — Rock Cycle
38. Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava)? — Igneous rock
39. Granite and basalt are examples of: — Igneous rocks
40. What is the state of matter of the Earth's outer core? — Liquid
41. S-waves (Secondary waves) are unable to travel through which state of matter? — Liquid
42. The Richter scale and the Moment Magnitude scale are used to measure: — The magnitude of an earthquake
43. What is the primary cause of volcanic eruptions? — The release of pressure from molten rock (magma)
44. The Himalayas are a prime example of mountains formed by the collision of: — The Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate
45. The Andes Mountains are an example of a mountain range formed by the convergence of which two types of plates? — An oceanic plate and a continental plate
46. Which geological theory explains the movement of the Earth's lithosphere plates? — Plate Tectonics
47. Earthquakes are most commonly associated with which type of geological process? — Plate movement at boundaries
48. The study of earthquakes and seismic waves is called: — Seismology
49. The process of wearing away and transporting rock and soil by agents like water, wind, or ice is known as: — Erosion
50. What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out valleys and transporting large amounts of sediment? — Rivers (running water)
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