NEET UG - Molecular basis of inheritance - DNA structure replication transcription translation genetic code One Line Questions & Answers

1. How many different types of amino acids are commonly found in proteins? — 20

2. Which of the following is a pyrimidine base found in DNA? — Cytosine

3. What is the fundamental building block of DNA? — Nucleotide

4. Which of the following is a 'stop' codon in the genetic code? — UAA

5. What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in translation? — Provides the genetic code for protein synthesis

6. What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation? — Carries amino acids to the ribosome

7. Erwin Chargaff's rules state that in DNA, the amount of Adenine is equal to the amount of Thymine, and the amount of Guanine is equal to the amount of Cytosine. This is known as: — Chargaff's rules

8. During transcription, which DNA strand serves as the template for RNA synthesis? — Template strand

9. The two strands of DNA are held together by which type of bonds? — Hydrogen bonds

10. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the: — Nucleus

11. Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotes? — mRNA

12. Ribosomes are composed of: — RNA and proteins

13. During DNA replication, which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix? — Helicase

14. Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing transcription? — RNA polymerase

15. The anticodon on tRNA is complementary to the: — mRNA codon

16. What does the term 'semi-conservative replication' mean? — Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

17. What is the term for a non-coding sequence within a gene that is removed during RNA processing? — Intron

18. A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that specifies an amino acid is called a: — Codon

19. In the DNA double helix, which base pairs with Adenine (A)? — Thymine (T)

20. In RNA, which base replaces Thymine (T) when pairing with Adenine (A)? — Uracil (U)

21. Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand? — DNA polymerase

22. Which enzyme seals the nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA during replication? — DNA ligase

23. What is the term for a coding sequence within a gene that is retained in the mature mRNA? — Exon

24. The genetic code is said to be degenerate because: — Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid

25. What is the function of the promoter region in a gene? — It is the binding site for RNA polymerase.

26. Okazaki fragments are short segments of DNA synthesized on which strand during replication? — Lagging strand

27. The genetic code is nearly universal. Which of the following is an exception? — Mitochondrial DNA

28. Which RNA molecule is involved in protein synthesis and has an anticodon loop? — tRNA

29. The genetic code specifies the sequence of: — Amino acids in proteins

30. Where does translation primarily occur in eukaryotic cells? — Ribosomes

31. What is the term for the region of DNA where replication begins? — Origin of replication

32. What is the primary function of DNA? — Carrying genetic information

33. The process of DNA replication is essential for: — Cell division

34. The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called: — Transcription

35. What is the sequence of events in gene expression? — Transcription -> Translation -> Replication

36. Which enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands during replication? — DNA polymerase

37. Which scientist is credited with discovering the double helix structure of DNA? — James Watson and Francis Crick

38. The structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick was: — Double-stranded helix

39. The antiparallel nature of DNA strands refers to: — The sugar-phosphate backbones running in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')

40. What is the 'wobble' hypothesis in translation? — The first base of the anticodon can pair with more than one base on the mRNA.

41. Which of the following is a purine base found in DNA? — Adenine

42. What is the function of telomeres in eukaryotic chromosomes? — To protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation

43. What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase? — To link amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecules

44. What is the role of a sigma factor in bacterial transcription? — To recognize and bind to the promoter region

45. What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication? — To join Okazaki fragments

46. What is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself called? — Replication

47. The process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA template is called: — Translation

48. In prokaryotes, where does transcription and translation occur? — Transcription and translation in cytoplasm

49. What is the process called when DNA is transcribed into RNA? — Transcription

50. The start codon, which also codes for Methionine, is typically: — AUG

Molecular basis of inheritance - DNA structure replication transcription translation genetic code - One Line Questions