Mutation – types, causes, detection, significance - One Line Questions

1. What is a missense mutation? — A mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein.
2. What is a neutral mutation? — A mutation that has no significant effect on an organism's fitness.
3. What is a mutation? — A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
4. Gain-of-function mutations typically result in: — A protein with a novel or enhanced activity.
5. What is an inversion mutation? — A segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in the reverse orientation.
6. What is a frameshift mutation? — A mutation that adds or deletes nucleotides, shifting the reading frame of codons.
7. Intercalating agents are mutagens that: — Insert themselves into the DNA double helix, distorting its structure and causing insertions or deletions.
8. Most mutations are considered to be: — Deleterious
9. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation primarily causes mutations by: — Forming thymine dimers.
10. The Ames test is commonly used to detect: — Mutations in bacteria.
11. Which type of mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide base? — Point mutation
12. Which genetic disorder is caused by a point mutation in the hemoglobin gene? —
13. A mutation that increases an organism's fitness in its environment is called a(n): — Beneficial mutation
14. Which type of mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide bases are added to a DNA sequence? — Insertion
15. A chromosomal mutation where a segment of a chromosome is repeated is known as: — Duplication
16. Which of the following is NOT a type of chromosomal mutation? — Point mutation
17. Which enzyme is primarily responsible for proofreading and correcting errors during DNA replication, thus minimizing spontaneous mutations? — DNA polymerase
18. Which of the following is a method used for detecting mutations? — All of the above
19. What are mutagens? — Agents that can cause mutations.
20. Which of the following is a known cause of spontaneous mutations? — Errors during DNA replication
21. A mutation that renders a gene non-functional is often described as a: — Loss-of-function mutation
22. The significance of mutations lies in their role as the ultimate source of: — Genetic variation
23. Mutations can lead to the development of: — New traits and adaptations.
24. Somatic mutations occur in: — Body cells (non-reproductive cells).
25. Cancer is often associated with the accumulation of: — Somatic mutations in critical genes (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes).
26. What is polyploidy? — Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
27. Mutations that occur in somatic cells are: — Not heritable.
28. Gel electrophoresis can help detect mutations by: — Revealing changes in DNA fragment size due to insertions or deletions.
29. What is the term for mutations that occur spontaneously without exposure to external mutagens? — Spontaneous mutations
30. Base analogs are mutagens that: — Can be mistakenly incorporated into DNA during replication due to structural similarity to normal bases.
31. A mutation caused by the removal of one or more nucleotide bases from a DNA sequence is called a: — Deletion
32. Ionizing radiation, like X-rays, can cause mutations by: — Breaking the DNA backbone.
33. A chromosomal mutation involving the detachment of a segment from one chromosome and its attachment to a non-homologous chromosome is called: — Translocation
34. A substitution mutation where the new codon codes for the same amino acid is called a: — Silent mutation
35. A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to a truncated protein, is known as a: — Nonsense mutation
36. Which of these is a physical mutagen? — Ionizing radiation
37. The genetic code's degeneracy (multiple codons for one amino acid) provides a buffer against the effects of which type of mutation? — Missense mutation
38. Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal mutation? — Deletion of a gene segment
39. Down syndrome is a result of which type of mutation? — Aneuploidy (Trisomy 21)
40. The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, such as having an extra chromosome 21 (Down syndrome), is an example of: — Aneuploidy
41. What is the primary principle behind using DNA sequencing to detect mutations? — Determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.
42. Germline mutations occur in: — Cells that give rise to gametes.
43. The ability of viruses to rapidly evolve new strains is largely due to: — High mutation rates and short generation times.
44. Which type of mutation can be passed on to offspring? — Germline mutation
45. Which technique allows for the amplification of specific DNA regions to screen for mutations? — PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
46. What is aneuploidy? — The gain or loss of one or more chromosomes, but not entire sets.
47. What is the significance of mutations in evolution? — They are the source of new genetic variation.
48. Which of the following is a type of point mutation? — Substitution
49. Which of these is a chemical mutagen? — Alkylating agents
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