Operations Research — Transportation, queuing, decision theory, PERT-CPM. - One Line Questions

1. In PERT, the variance of an activity's duration is calculated as: — ((P - O) / 6)^2
2. In the context of the Transportation Problem, what does 'destination' refer to? — A location where goods are demanded or received.
3. In PERT/CPM, what is an 'activity'? — A task or operation that consumes time and resources.
4. What is an 'event' in PERT/CPM? — A point in time marking the start or completion of an activity.
5. The Hungarian Method is primarily used to solve which type of Operations Research problem? — Assignment Problem
6. Decision Theory deals with making decisions under conditions of: — Risk and uncertainty
7. What does CPM stand for? — Critical Path Method
8. Which of the following is a characteristic of a Queuing System? — There is a source of customers, a queue, and a service facility.
9. In a transportation problem, the 'stepping stone method' is used for: — Testing the optimality of a solution and improving it.
10. The 'Critical Path' in a project network is the sequence of activities that: — Determines the shortest possible project duration and has zero float.
11. PERT and CPM are project management techniques used for: — Planning, scheduling, and controlling projects
12. If a Transportation Problem is unbalanced (total supply != total demand), how is it typically handled? — A dummy origin or destination is added.
13. Which of the following is a limitation of PERT/CPM? — It does not consider resource constraints explicitly.
14. Little's Law relates the average number of customers in the system (L) to the average arrival rate (λ) and the average time a customer spends in the system (W). The formula is: — L = λ * W
15. Which queuing model assumes Poisson arrivals and exponential service times? — M/M/1
16. A system with infinite calling population, Poisson arrivals, and exponential service times, with an infinite queue capacity and a single server, is best represented by which model? — M/M/1
17. Which decision rule is most appropriate when the decision-maker has no information about the likelihood of different states of nature occurring? — Laplace
18. Which decision criterion is used when a decision-maker is optimistic about the future? — Maximax
19. Which decision criterion assumes that all states of nature are equally likely? — Laplace
20. Which method is an iterative procedure to find the optimal solution for the Transportation Problem once an initial feasible solution is obtained? — MODI Method (Modified Distribution Method)
21. The Maximin criterion is associated with which type of decision-maker? — Pessimistic
22. What does PERT stand for? — Program Evaluation and Review Technique
23. Which of the following is NOT a typical output of PERT/CPM analysis? — Resource requirements for each activity
24. A 'dummy activity' in CPM is used to: — Show a dependency between two activities.
25. Which method is commonly used to find an initial basic feasible solution for the Transportation Problem? — North-West Corner Rule
26. PERT uses a three-time estimate (optimistic, most likely, pessimistic) to calculate the expected duration of an activity. The formula for expected duration (Te) is: — Te = (O + 4M + P) / 6
27. What is 'regret' or 'opportunity loss' in Decision Theory? — The difference between the payoff of the best decision and the payoff of the chosen decision for a given state of nature.
28. What does 'μ' (mu) represent in queuing theory? — The average number of customers served per unit of time.
29. In queuing theory, what does 'λ' (lambda) typically represent? — The average arrival rate of customers.
30. In decision theory, a payoff matrix shows: — The payoffs for each combination of decision alternative and state of nature.
31. In decision theory, 'states of nature' are: — The possible outcomes that are beyond the decision-maker's control.
32. The 'earliest start time' (ES) of an activity is determined by: — The earliest finish time of the preceding activity.
33. The 'latest finish time' (LF) of an activity is determined by: — The latest finish time of the succeeding activity minus its duration.
34. The Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI) is the difference between: — The EMV with perfect information and the EMV without perfect information.
35. In a Transportation Problem, what does 'supply' represent? — The amount of product available at an origin.
36. What does the 'Minimax Regret' criterion aim to minimize? — The maximum possible regret (opportunity loss).
37. What does the '1' in the M/M/1 notation represent? — The number of service channels.
38. What does the 'rho' (ρ) represent in a queuing system, specifically for the M/M/1 model? — The traffic intensity or server utilization, calculated as λ/μ.
39. What is the 'service rate' in a queuing system? — The rate at which customers are served by the server(s).
40. The 'waiting line' in a queuing system refers to: — Customers who have arrived but are waiting for service.
41. The project duration calculated using the critical path method (CPM) is: — The longest possible project duration.
42. What is 'float' or 'slack' in PERT/CPM? — The time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project completion.
43. What is the 'busy period' in a queuing system? — The time when the service facility is continuously occupied.
44. What is the primary goal of the Minimax criterion in Decision Theory? — To minimize the maximum possible regret.
45. What is the primary objective of the Transportation Problem in Operations Research? — To minimize the total cost of shipping goods from origins to destinations.
46. CPM typically uses a single, deterministic time estimate for each activity, while PERT uses probabilistic time estimates. This is a key difference. — True
47. The Expected Monetary Value (EMV) criterion is used when decisions are made under conditions of: — Risk
48. In a transportation problem, if the total supply exceeds the total demand, a dummy destination is added. What is the transportation cost associated with this dummy destination? — Zero cost
49. What is a 'balanced' Transportation Problem? — When the total supply equals the total demand.
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