Plant breeding and tissue culture - methods and applications in crop improvement - One Line Questions

1. What is callus? — Undifferentiated mass of cells
2. Somatic hybridization can be achieved using a process called: — Protoplast fusion
3. Tissue culture can be used to eliminate viruses from infected plants through: — Meristem culture
4. Which type of tissue culture is used to produce haploid plants from pollen grains? — Anther or microspore culture
5. The process of regenerating a whole plant from a single cell or small piece of tissue is called: — Micropropagation
6. Mutation breeding involves: — Inducing genetic variations using mutagens
7. Which of the following is a significant application of plant breeding and tissue culture in crop improvement? — Enhancing yield and nutritional quality
8. Polyploid breeding is particularly useful for improving: — Fruit size and quality
9. Plant breeding and tissue culture methods have significantly contributed to the development of crops that are more resistant to: — All of the above
10. Which of the following is a traditional method of plant breeding? — Hybridization
11. Somaclonal variation refers to: — Genetic variation arising from tissue culture
12. Which of the following is a common mutagen used in mutation breeding? — Gamma rays
13. Which of the following is an example of a crop improved for insect resistance through genetic engineering, often facilitated by tissue culture techniques for transformation? — Bt Cotton
14. Improved varieties of crops are often bred for increased tolerance to: — All of the above
15. Embryo rescue is a technique used when: — Hybrid embryos fail to develop normally
16. What is the process of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile nutrient medium called? — Tissue culture
17. Which technique allows for the transfer of genes between unrelated species, bypassing sexual reproduction barriers? — Genetic engineering
18. The ability to produce identical copies of a plant with desirable traits is a key feature of: — Micropropagation
19. Breeding for disease resistance in crops aims to: — Reduce crop losses due to pathogens
20. Which of the following is NOT a direct application of plant breeding and tissue culture? — Studying plant evolutionary history
21. The development of semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice was crucial for: — Allowing higher fertilizer application and increasing yield
22. Biofortification refers to: — Breeding crops with higher levels of essential nutrients
23. Golden Rice is a biofortified variety developed to address deficiency of: — Vitamin A
24. What is the primary advantage of using tissue culture for disease-free plant propagation? — It ensures that the propagated plants are genetically identical and free from pathogens
25. What is the primary advantage of using MAS in plant breeding? — It is faster and more precise than traditional methods
26. What role does tissue culture play in developing herbicide-tolerant crops? — It allows for the selection of transformed cells
27. What is the main challenge in conventional plant breeding? — Time-consuming nature of the process
28. Which cereal crop has seen significant improvement through hybridization and breeding programs? — Maize
29. The process of selecting and crossing plants with desired traits over multiple generations is known as: — Pedigree selection
30. Which term refers to the process of introducing desirable genes from one variety into another through repeated backcrossing? — Backcrossing
31. Which breeding technique utilizes molecular markers to identify desirable genes? — Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
32. Which of the following plant breeding methods is most effective for creating new genetic combinations that do not exist in nature? — Hybridization
33. Anther culture is a technique used for: — Producing haploid plants
34. Germplasm conservation using tissue culture involves: — Storing plant material in a sterile, controlled environment
35. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) allows breeders to: — Identify plants with specific genes without growing them to maturity
36. Which component of the nutrient medium provides essential minerals for plant tissue culture? — Inorganic salts
37. What is somatic hybridization? — The fusion of somatic cells from different species or varieties
38. The term 'explants' in plant tissue culture refers to: — Small pieces of plant tissue used for culture
39. What is hybridization in plant breeding? — The crossing of genetically dissimilar plants
40. Hybrid vigor, or heterosis, refers to: — The superior performance of hybrid offspring compared to parents
41. Haploid plants produced through anther culture are useful because: — They can be rapidly converted to homozygous diploid lines
42. Inbred lines are crucial for producing hybrids because: — They are genetically uniform and stable
43. What is the primary goal of plant breeding? — To develop new plant varieties with desirable traits
44. What is the role of auxins and cytokinins in plant tissue culture? — To stimulate cell division and differentiation
45. What is the primary role of plant breeding in food security? — To increase crop production and resilience
46. What is the purpose of 'embryo rescue' in interspecific or intergeneric crosses? — To obtain viable offspring when the hybrid embryo aborts
47. Somaclonal variation can be a source of: — Useful genetic variations for crop improvement
48. Which application of tissue culture allows for the rapid multiplication of desirable plant varieties? — Micropropagation
49. What is an example of a crop improved through polyploid breeding? — Sugarcane
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