Reproduction and heredity - One Line Questions

1. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans typically have? — 23
2. What is a gamete? — A reproductive cell (sperm or egg)
3. An allele is: — A different version of a gene
4. What is a chromosome? — A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information
5. In DNA, Guanine (G) always pairs with: — Cytosine (C)
6. What are the four bases of DNA? — Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
7. Mendel's Law of Segregation states that: — During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other
8. Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that: — Alleles for different traits are inherited independently of each other
9. The 'recessive' allele is: — Masked by the dominant allele
10. What are the building blocks of DNA called? — Nucleotides
11. In humans, sex is determined by: — Sex chromosomes (X and Y)
12. Sex-linked traits are typically carried on which chromosome? — The X chromosome
13. Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked trait? — Color blindness
14. The Y chromosome carries the SRY gene, which is responsible for: — Male development
15. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process where: — Fertilization occurs outside the body in a laboratory
16. What is the name of the structure formed after fertilization, which then implants in the uterine wall? — Zygote
17. The observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment is known as: — Phenotype
18. In DNA, Adenine (A) always pairs with: — Thymine (T)
19. If an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, it is said to be: — Homozygous
20. What is the term for an organism that has two different alleles for a particular trait? —
21. What is the primary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? — It leads to greater genetic variation
22. In genetics, what does the 'dominant' allele do? — It masks the effect of the recessive allele
23. The process of a single cell dividing into two identical daughter cells is called: — Mitosis
24. Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis? — Transfer RNA (tRNA)
25. What is the process by which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell called? — Fertilization
26. The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) is known as: — Meiosis
27. Mutations can be caused by: — Environmental factors and errors during DNA replication
28. Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system? — Fallopian tube
29. What is the term for the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism? — Genome
30. Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm? — Messenger RNA (mRNA)
31. Gregor Mendel is known as the 'Father of Genetics' for his experiments with which plant? — Pea
32. Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction? — Budding in yeast
33. The structure of DNA is a: — Double helix
34. What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis? — Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes and helps assemble proteins
35. What are genes? — Segments of DNA that code for specific traits
36. The phenotype refers to: — The physical expression of a gene or genes
37. What is the genotype? — The genetic makeup of an organism
38. What is a mutation? — A change in the DNA sequence
39. What is cloning? — The production of genetically identical individuals
40. What is heredity? — The passing of traits from parents to offspring
41. What is transcription? — The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
42. What is translation? — The synthesis of protein from an RNA template
43. What is a Punnett square used for? — To predict the probability of offspring inheriting particular traits
44. What is the primary function of the male reproductive organ, the testis? — To produce sperm and male hormones
45. What is the role of DNA in heredity? — To store and transmit genetic information
46. What is the process of making an identical copy of a DNA molecule called? — Replication
47. Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing eggs (ova)? — Ovary
48. Which sex chromosome is typically found in males? — XY
49. Which sex chromosome is typically found in females? — XX
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