Sample surveys - sampling frame, sampling with and without replacement, stratified sampling, two-stage, systematic and cluster sampling, regression and ratio estimates - One Line Questions

1. A regression estimate uses the relationship between the study variable and what other type of variable? — An auxiliary variable
2. What is a primary sampling unit (PSU) in a multi-stage sampling design? — The first set of groups selected from the population.
3. In stratified sampling, the sampling within each stratum is typically done using: — Simple Random Sampling
4. What is a key challenge in cluster sampling? — Accounting for the variability between clusters.
5. What is the defining feature of sampling without replacement? — Once a unit is selected, it cannot be selected again.
6. What is a key characteristic of systematic sampling? — The sampling interval is used to select units.
7. In stratified sampling, the variance within strata is typically: — Lower than the variance between strata.
8. Regression estimation uses auxiliary information to: — Reduce the sampling variance by accounting for correlation.
9. In stratified sampling, if the researcher wants to ensure that small but important subgroups are adequately represented, what approach is taken? — Allocate sample size disproportionately to strata.
10. In a two-stage sampling design, what is selected in the first stage? — Primary sampling units (PSUs).
11. In sampling with replacement, what happens to the probability of selecting a unit after it has been chosen? — It remains the same.
12. What is a key advantage of using a sampling frame? — It ensures that every unit in the population has a chance of being selected.
13. Systematic sampling is often considered a practical alternative to simple random sampling because: — It is easier to implement, especially with large populations.
14. What is the main advantage of using a multi-stage sampling design? — It reduces the need for a complete sampling frame of individual elements.
15. What is the main advantage of stratified sampling over simple random sampling? — It can provide more precise estimates for the same sample size.
16. What happens to the sampling frame in sampling without replacement? — It is updated after each selection.
17. What is a potential disadvantage of cluster sampling? — It can lead to higher sampling errors if clusters are not representative.
18. What is the main drawback of cluster sampling compared to simple random sampling for the same number of elements? — It typically results in higher sampling errors.
19. In stratified sampling, if the strata are internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous, what is the benefit? — It leads to more precise estimates compared to SRS.
20. What is the term for the units selected in the second stage of a two-stage sampling design? — Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs)
21. What is the term for the list of all units in the population from which a sample is to be selected? — Sampling frame
22. In a two-stage sampling design, if the first-stage units are selected with equal probability, what is the implication for the second stage? — Second-stage units can be selected with unequal probabilities.
23. If a survey aims to estimate the total income of a city, and uses the number of registered vehicles as an auxiliary variable, what estimation method is likely to be employed? — Ratio estimation
24. Which estimate is generally preferred when the auxiliary variable is strongly correlated with the study variable and their relationship passes through the origin? — Ratio estimator
25. Which sampling method involves dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups called strata? — Stratified Sampling
26. Which sampling technique is most likely to be used for a national survey of households due to cost and logistical reasons? — Cluster Sampling
27. Systematic sampling with a random start is a method that aims to achieve: — The properties of simple random sampling.
28. Which sampling technique is characterized by dividing the population into contiguous groups or 'clusters' that are geographically or organizationally defined? — Cluster Sampling
29. Which sampling method is often used when the population is geographically dispersed? — Cluster Sampling
30. If a survey designer decides to select every 10th element from a randomly ordered list of the population, what sampling method is being used? — Systematic Sampling
31. Which sampling method ensures that every possible sample of a given size has an equal chance of being selected? — Simple Random Sampling
32. A ratio estimate is particularly useful when: — The relationship between the study variable and the auxiliary variable passes through the origin.
33. If the sampling interval in a systematic sample is 'k', what does 'k' represent? — The ratio of population size to sample size.
34. The ratio estimator is a type of regression estimator where the regression line is assumed to pass through: — The origin (0, 0).
35. What is the primary assumption for the validity of a regression estimate? — There is a linear relationship between the study variable and the auxiliary variable.
36. Sampling with replacement is theoretically simpler for probability calculations because: — The population size remains constant.
37. Which of the following statements is true for sampling without replacement? — The probability of selecting a unit changes after it is selected.
38. What is a common issue with cluster sampling if the clusters are not internally heterogeneous? — The estimates may not be representative of the population.
39. In cluster sampling, the population is divided into groups called clusters. What is a typical characteristic of these clusters? — They are internally heterogeneous.
40. In cluster sampling, if the clusters are selected randomly, what is assumed about the elements within the selected clusters? — They are internally heterogeneous and representative of the population.
41. What is the primary purpose of a sampling frame in a sample survey? — To provide a list of all units from which the sample will be drawn.
42. What is the primary goal of a regression estimate in sample surveys? — To improve the precision of estimates by using auxiliary information.
43. In stratified sampling, if the strata are defined based on income levels, what is the likely goal? — To ensure representation of different income groups and potentially increase precision.
44. What is the core principle of regression estimation in surveys? — To adjust the sample mean based on the known mean of an auxiliary variable and their relationship.
45. What is the main idea behind a ratio estimate in sample surveys? — To use the ratio of the study variable to an auxiliary variable.
46. What is the primary risk associated with systematic sampling if the sampling frame has a periodic pattern? — Selection bias.
47. When is a regression estimate likely to provide a significant improvement in precision over a simple mean estimate? — When the auxiliary variable is strongly correlated with the study variable.
48. When would a two-stage sampling design be most beneficial? — When the population is geographically dispersed and a complete frame is unavailable.
49. When is sampling without replacement preferred over sampling with replacement? — When the probability of selecting a unit should not change significantly.
50. Regression estimation is most effective when the correlation between the study variable and the auxiliary variable is: — Strong
All One Line Questions
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