Statistics in psychology: measures of central tendency and dispersion, normal curve, parametric (t‑test) and non‑parametric tests (sign test, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman), power analysis and effect size. - One Line Questions

1. The median is the score that divides a distribution into two equal halves. What is its percentile rank? — 50th
2. If a researcher sets an alpha level of 0.05, they are willing to accept a: — 5% chance of a Type I error
3. In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores fall within two standard deviations of the mean? — 95%
4. In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores fall within three standard deviations of the mean? — 99.7%
5. In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean? — 68%
6. A Z-score represents the number of standard deviations a raw score is from the mean. A Z-score of 0 indicates: — A score exactly at the mean
7. A Type I error occurs when: — A true null hypothesis is rejected
8. A Type II error occurs when: — A false null hypothesis is retained
9. A researcher finds a correlation coefficient (r) of -0.75. This indicates: — A strong negative linear relationship
10. Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences statistical power? — The median of the distribution
11. The sign test is a non-parametric test used to analyze paired data. It relies on the direction (sign) of the difference rather than the magnitude. This test is most appropriate for: — Comparing medians of related groups
12. The paired samples t-test is used when the observations are: — Related or matched
13. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric alternative to the: — Paired samples t-test
14. The Friedman test is a non-parametric test used for comparing three or more related (dependent) groups. It is the non-parametric equivalent of: — Repeated measures ANOVA
15. A researcher wants to compare the average scores of three different teaching methods. The scores are not normally distributed. Which test should they consider? — Kruskal-Wallis H test
16. Which of the following is a parametric test used for comparing the means of two related groups? — Paired samples t-test
17. Non-parametric tests are used when the assumptions of parametric tests, such as normality, are violated. What type of data are they typically used with? — Nominal or ordinal data
18. The normal curve is also known as the: — Bell-shaped curve
19. Which of the following tests is used to analyze ordinal data in a repeated-measures design with three or more conditions? — Friedman test
20. When comparing more than two independent groups with interval data that are not normally distributed, which test is appropriate? — Kruskal-Wallis H test
21. A researcher wants to compare the effectiveness of three different therapies on reducing anxiety levels. The data are ordinal. Which test should be used? — Friedman test
22. Which of the following is a parametric test used to compare the means of two independent groups? — Independent samples t-test
23. Which non-parametric test is the equivalent of the one-way ANOVA? — Kruskal-Wallis H test
24. Which of the following is a measure of central tendency that is NOT sensitive to outliers? — Median
25. Which measure of central tendency is the most frequently occurring score in a dataset? — Mode
26. In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, which of the following is true? — Mean = Median = Mode
27. Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores (outliers)? — Mean
28. When dealing with ordinal data, which measure of central tendency is generally preferred over the mean? — Median
29. Which of the following is a measure of dispersion? — Range
30. The Mann-Whitney U test is the non-parametric equivalent of which parametric test? — Independent samples t-test
31. A skewed distribution where the tail is longer on the right side is called: — Positively skewed
32. In the context of hypothesis testing, a statistically significant result means that the observed data are: — Unlikely to have occurred by chance alone if the null hypothesis were true
33. Which measure of dispersion represents the average deviation of scores from the mean? — Standard Deviation
34. Which statistical concept refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure? — Validity
35. Effect size measures the magnitude of a phenomenon or the strength of a relationship between variables. It is independent of: — Sample size
36. Cohen's d is a common measure of effect size used for comparing two means. A Cohen's d of 0.8 is generally considered: — Large effect size
37. Which type of statistical test is used to examine relationships between categorical variables? — Chi-square test
38. A t-test is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between: — The means of two or more groups
39. Power analysis is used to determine the sample size needed to detect a statistically significant effect of a given size. What is 'power' in this context? — The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis
40. What does a p-value represent in hypothesis testing? — The probability of obtaining the observed results (or more extreme results) if the null hypothesis is true
41. The variance is calculated as the average of the squared deviations from the mean. What is its unit of measurement? — The square of the original data's unit
42. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. What does it represent? — The typical deviation of scores from the mean
43. The Interquartile Range (IQR) is the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1). What does it represent? — The spread of the middle 50% of data
44. The standard error of the mean (SEM) is a measure of: — The variability of sample means around the population mean
45. What is the primary purpose of using a power analysis before conducting a study? — To determine the minimum sample size required to detect an effect of a certain magnitude
46. The Kruskal-Wallis H test is a non-parametric test used to compare the medians of how many independent groups? — Three or more
47. Parametric tests assume that the data are drawn from a population that follows a specific distribution, typically the: — Normal distribution
48. Which statistical concept describes the reliability or consistency of a measurement tool? — Reliability
49. Which non-parametric test is used to compare two independent groups when the dependent variable is ordinal? — Mann-Whitney U test
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E-Book Statistics in psychology: measures of central tendency and dispersion, normal curve, parametric (t‑test) and non‑parametric tests (sign test, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman), power analysis and effect size. Online Test Statistics in psychology: measures of central tendency and dispersion, normal curve, parametric (t‑test) and non‑parametric tests (sign test, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman), power analysis and effect size. Question Bank Statistics in psychology: measures of central tendency and dispersion, normal curve, parametric (t‑test) and non‑parametric tests (sign test, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman), power analysis and effect size.