Translation – initiation, elongation, termination, proofreading, post-translational modifications - One Line Questions

1. What structure allows the ribosome to move along the mRNA molecule during elongation? — Translocation
2. Which process involves the removal of specific amino acid sequences from a polypeptide chain? — Proteolytic cleavage
3. Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group, often to which amino acid residues? — Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine
4. Which of the following is a common mechanism for post-translational control of protein activity? — Reversible phosphorylation
5. Which codons are recognized as stop codons in most genetic codes? — UAA, UAG, UGA
6. What event signals the termination of translation? — Binding of a release factor to a stop codon
7. Post-translational modification can occur in various cellular compartments. Where does N-linked glycosylation primarily occur? — Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
8. A protein that is destined for secretion or insertion into the plasma membrane typically enters which pathway after synthesis begins? — Endoplasmic reticulum
9. Which enzyme is responsible for attaching the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA? — Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
10. Which initiation factor in eukaryotes is responsible for binding the initiator tRNA to the 40S subunit? — eIF2
11. Which component is essential for the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4F) complex to bind to the mRNA 5' cap? — eIF4E
12. Which type of modification involves the addition of a methyl group, for example, to arginine and lysine residues? — Methylation
13. The process of adding a phosphate group to a protein is known as: — Phosphorylation
14. Which of the following is a critical component of the ternary complex that delivers aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome during elongation? — GTP
15. Which type of bond is formed between amino acids during translation? — Peptide bond
16. Which of the following is a key event in translation termination? — Binding of a release factor to the A site
17. Which post-translational modification involves the addition of a lipid group to a protein? — Lipidation
18. Which molecule binds to the stop codon on the mRNA and leads to the termination of translation? — Release factor
19. In prokaryotes, the initiation complex includes: — Initiator tRNA, mRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit, initiation factors
20. What is the significance of the anticodon loop on a tRNA molecule? — It recognizes and binds to the complementary codon on the mRNA.
21. What is the role of the initiator tRNA during translation initiation in eukaryotes? — It carries methionine and recognizes the start codon AUG
22. What is the function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic mRNA? — It is recognized by the small ribosomal subunit to initiate translation.
23. The process where a protein folds into its correct three-dimensional structure is crucial for its function and can be aided by: — Chaperones
24. Which modification involves the addition of an acetyl group, often to lysine residues on histone proteins? — Acetylation
25. The movement of the ribosome one codon down the mRNA during elongation is called: — Translocation
26. Which of the following is NOT a typical post-translational modification? — DNA replication
27. The process of adding a sugar molecule to a protein is called: — Glycosylation
28. Which of the following is a form of post-translational modification that marks proteins for degradation? — Ubiquitination
29. In prokaryotes, translation initiation typically begins with the binding of the ribosome to which sequence on the mRNA? — Shine-Dalgarno sequence
30. What is the primary difference in initiation between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation? — Prokaryotes initiate internally, eukaryotes initiate at the 5' cap.
31. The formation of a peptide bond between amino acids is catalyzed by which component of the ribosome? — rRNA (ribozyme activity)
32. Which of the following is a common post-translational modification that can regulate protein activity? — Acetylation
33. Which subunit of the ribosome is primarily responsible for binding mRNA? — The 30S subunit (prokaryotes)
34. Eukaryotic translation initiation requires the assembly of the 80S ribosome on mRNA. Which subunit initially binds to the mRNA cap? — The 40S subunit
35. What is glycosylation? — The addition of a sugar moiety to a protein
36. What happens at the P site of the ribosome during elongation? — The tRNA holding the growing polypeptide chain is located
37. During elongation, where does the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA bind? — The A site (Aminoacyl site)
38. What is the role of ubiquitination in post-translational modification? — To signal for protein degradation
39. What is the role of elongation factors (e.g., EF-Tu in bacteria, eEF1A in eukaryotes) during translation? — To facilitate the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site
40. What is the function of the E site on the ribosome? — To release the deacylated tRNA
41. What is the primary role of initiation factors in translation? — To bind the initiator tRNA and assemble the ribosomal subunits on the mRNA
42. What is the purpose of proofreading mechanisms during translation? — To ensure the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain
43. What is the function of the A site on the ribosome during elongation? — To bind the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA carrying the next amino acid
44. What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in translation? — To target proteins with signal sequences to the endoplasmic reticulum
45. What is the function of peptidyl transferase activity within the ribosome? — To catalyze the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid on the A-site tRNA and the growing polypeptide chain
46. What is the function of release factors during translation termination? — To hydrolyze the polypeptide chain from the last tRNA
47. What is the primary role of chaperones in protein synthesis? — To assist in proper protein folding
48. What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in translation? — To charge tRNAs with the correct amino acids
49. What is the primary function of ribosomes during translation? — To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
50. Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome? — Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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