SSC Stenographers - analysis judgement decision making Online Test (MCQ Quiz)

1. Which cognitive bias is characterized by the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?

A) Availability Heuristic B) Anchoring Bias C) Confirmation Bias D) Hindsight Bias

2. A person tends to overestimate the likelihood of dramatic or emotionally charged events. This is an example of which heuristic?

A) Representativeness Heuristic B) Availability Heuristic C) Affect Heuristic D) Framing Effect

3. When making a decision, if someone relies too heavily on the first piece of information offered, they are exhibiting:

A) Status Quo Bias B) Endowment Effect C) Anchoring Bias D) Bandwagon Effect

4. The tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome is known as:

A) Overconfidence Bias B) Hindsight Bias C) Illusion of Control D) Sunk Cost Fallacy

5. Which decision-making model suggests that individuals make decisions by seeking a satisfactory solution rather than an optimal one?

A) Rational Choice Theory B) Prospect Theory C) Bounded Rationality D) Game Theory

6. A decision-maker consistently favors options that maintain the current state of affairs. This is known as:

A) Confirmation Bias B) Status Quo Bias C) Choice Overload D) Framing Effect

7. The tendency for people to value something more highly simply because they own it is called:

A) Endowment Effect B) Mere-Exposure Effect C) Loss Aversion D) Availability Heuristic

8. When the way information is presented influences a decision, even if the underlying facts are the same, it is called:

A) Anchoring Bias B) Framing Effect C) Representativeness Heuristic D) Confirmation Bias

9. The cognitive bias where people tend to judge the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind is:

A) Availability Heuristic B) Representativeness Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Hindsight Bias

10. What is the term for the tendency to overestimate one's ability to make accurate predictions, especially about future events?

A) Hindsight Bias B) Overconfidence Bias C) Illusion of Control D) Sunk Cost Fallacy

11. Decisions are often influenced by the perceived emotional appeal of an option, rather than purely rational analysis. This is related to the:

A) Affect Heuristic B) Availability Heuristic C) Representativeness Heuristic D) Framing Effect

12. The tendency to perceive a greater degree of personal control over events than is actually the case is known as:

A) Overconfidence Bias B) Hindsight Bias C) Illusion of Control D) Self-Serving Bias

13. When faced with too many choices, individuals may find it difficult to make a decision or feel less satisfied with their choice. This is termed:

A) Anchoring Bias B) Status Quo Bias C) Choice Overload D) Confirmation Bias

14. The principle that people are more motivated to avoid losses than to achieve equivalent gains is known as:

A) Endowment Effect B) Loss Aversion C) Prospect Theory D) Framing Effect

15. In decision-making, what does 'satisficing' refer to?

A) Seeking the absolute best possible outcome B) Making a decision that is 'good enough' C) Avoiding any decision altogether D) Relying solely on intuition

16. Which type of reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions from general principles?

A) Inductive Reasoning B) Deductive Reasoning C) Abductive Reasoning D) Analogical Reasoning

17. The process of forming a general conclusion from specific observations is called:

A) Deductive Reasoning B) Inductive Reasoning C) Abductive Reasoning D) Transductive Reasoning

18. When judging the likelihood of an event, people often compare it to a stereotype or prototype. This is an example of the:

A) Availability Heuristic B) Representativeness Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Confirmation Bias

19. The tendency to stick with and defend a chosen course of action, even when it's clearly not working, is known as:

A) Escalation of Commitment B) Sunk Cost Fallacy C) Status Quo Bias D) Overconfidence Bias

20. What is the term for the phenomenon where people are less likely to take an action, or feel less responsibility for an outcome, when others are present?

A) Groupthink B) Diffusion of Responsibility C) Bystander Effect D) Social Loafing

21. A decision-making strategy where one evaluates options based on their relative advantages and disadvantages compared to a reference point is:

A) Elimination by Aspects B) Conjunctive Rule C) Disjunctive Rule D) Prospect Theory

22. The tendency to ignore information that contradicts one's beliefs and focus only on supporting information is a key aspect of:

A) Anchoring Bias B) Confirmation Bias C) Availability Heuristic D) Hindsight Bias

23. What is the term for the tendency to overestimate the probability of positive outcomes and underestimate the probability of negative outcomes?

A) Pessimism Bias B) Optimism Bias C) Hindsight Bias D) Self-Serving Bias

24. When a group's desire for harmony or conformity results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome, it is called:

A) Social Loafing B) Group Polarization C) Groupthink D) Bystander Effect

25. The cognitive bias that causes people to become overly attached to a decision or course of action once they have made it is related to:

A) Status Quo Bias B) Endowment Effect C) Escalation of Commitment D) Availability Heuristic

26. Which cognitive bias describes the tendency to rely on readily available information when making judgments?

A) Representativeness Heuristic B) Anchoring Bias C) Availability Heuristic D) Confirmation Bias

27. When evaluating potential risks, people often focus on the potential for harm rather than the potential for benefit. This is an example of:

A) Optimism Bias B) Pessimism Bias C) Loss Aversion D) Framing Effect

28. The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors is known as:

A) Self-Serving Bias B) Fundamental Attribution Error C) Actor-Observer Bias D) Optimism Bias

29. Which decision-making strategy involves setting minimum acceptable levels for each attribute and choosing the first option that meets all criteria?

A) Conjunctive Rule B) Disjunctive Rule C) Lexicographic Rule D) Elimination by Aspects

30. The 'sunk cost fallacy' describes the tendency to:

A) Continue a behavior or endeavor as a result of previously invested resources (time, money, or effort) B) Abandon a project because the initial investment was too high C) Seek out new investments to recoup past losses D) Avoid future investments due to past failures

31. When a decision is influenced by how it is presented, such as emphasizing potential gains versus potential losses, it is an example of:

A) Anchoring Bias B) Framing Effect C) Availability Heuristic D) Confirmation Bias

32. The cognitive bias where individuals tend to believe they are more knowledgeable or skilled than they actually are is called:

A) Hindsight Bias B) Dunning-Kruger Effect C) Illusion of Control D) Self-Serving Bias

33. Which heuristic involves making judgments based on the similarity of an object or event to a prototype?

A) Availability Heuristic B) Representativeness Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Affect Heuristic

34. The tendency for group discussions to strengthen the dominant or most extreme viewpoint is known as:

A) Groupthink B) Bystander Effect C) Group Polarization D) Social Facilitation

35. In decision-making, what does 'elimination by aspects' entail?

A) Choosing the option with the highest overall score B) Systematically eliminating options that do not meet a specific criterion C) Selecting the first option that satisfies all criteria D) Comparing options pairwise

36. The bias where people tend to overestimate the frequency of events that are unusual or memorable is a manifestation of the:

A) Representativeness Heuristic B) Availability Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Confirmation Bias

37. What is the term for the cognitive bias where individuals place undue emphasis on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions?

A) Confirmation Bias B) Availability Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Hindsight Bias

38. The phenomenon where the perceived value of an item increases simply because one possesses it is known as:

A) Mere-Exposure Effect B) Endowment Effect C) Loss Aversion D) Status Quo Bias

39. Which type of reasoning involves forming the best possible explanation for a set of observations?

A) Deductive Reasoning B) Inductive Reasoning C) Abductive Reasoning D) Analogical Reasoning

40. The tendency to believe that one's own judgments are more accurate than they actually are is described by:

A) Hindsight Bias B) Overconfidence Bias C) Illusion of Control D) Dunning-Kruger Effect

41. When evaluating choices, the tendency to prefer options that are perceived as neutral or moderate is related to:

A) Anchoring Bias B) Compromise Effect C) Extremeness Aversion D) Status Quo Bias

42. The psychological principle that states people tend to avoid situations or choices that could lead to a loss is called:

A) Endowment Effect B) Loss Aversion C) Prospect Theory D) Framing Effect

43. What is the term for the tendency to favor options that maintain the current situation, even when better alternatives exist?

A) Confirmation Bias B) Status Quo Bias C) Choice Overload D) Bandwagon Effect

44. The bias where people give disproportionate weight to the first piece of information they receive when making judgments is:

A) Availability Heuristic B) Representativeness Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Confirmation Bias

45. Which decision-making bias involves the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome?

A) Overconfidence Bias B) Hindsight Bias C) Illusion of Control D) Sunk Cost Fallacy

46. The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easily recalled or vividly imagined is characteristic of the:

A) Representativeness Heuristic B) Availability Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Affect Heuristic

47. When individuals make decisions that are satisfactory rather than optimal, they are employing the principle of:

A) Rational Choice B) Bounded Rationality C) Prospect Theory D) Game Theory

48. The tendency for people to judge the probability of an event by comparing it to existing prototypes or stereotypes is known as the:

A) Availability Heuristic B) Representativeness Heuristic C) Anchoring Bias D) Confirmation Bias

49. What is the term for the tendency to continue investing in a failing course of action due to previously invested resources?

A) Escalation of Commitment B) Status Quo Bias C) Endowment Effect D) Optimism Bias

50. The cognitive bias that leads individuals to seek out and interpret information that confirms their existing beliefs is:

A) Anchoring Bias B) Availability Heuristic C) Confirmation Bias D) Hindsight Bias

analysis judgement decision making - Online Test

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