Chromosomal basis of inheritance - linkage crossing over, sex determination - Question Bank

1. A three-point cross is used to determine:
A) The linkage between two genes
B) The order and relative distances of three linked genes
C) The frequency of independent assortment
D) The presence of sex-linked traits
2. The phenomenon of X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals is an example of:
A) Gene amplification
B) Gene deletion
C) Dosage compensation
D) Translocation
3. What is the Barr body?
A) An inactivated X chromosome in female mammals
B) An inactivated Y chromosome in male mammals
C) A duplicated chromosome during mitosis
D) A homologous chromosome pair during meiosis
4. In humans, the absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome leads to the development of:
A) Male characteristics
B) Female characteristics
C) Intersex characteristics
D) No significant developmental difference
5. The specific points on homologous chromosomes where crossing over occurs are called:
A) Centromeres
B) Telomeres
C) Chiasmata
D) Kinetochores
6. Which term describes genes located on the same chromosome that are inherited together?
A) Independent assortment
B) Linkage
C) Segregation
D) Epistasis
7. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was independently proposed by:
A) Morgan and Sturtevant
B) Sutton and Boveri
C) Mendel and Darwin
D) Watson and Crick
8. Which of the following is an example of pleiotropy?
A) ABO blood groups
B) Sickle cell anemia
C) Flower color in peas
D) Skin color in humans
9. The phenomenon where a single gene controls multiple phenotypic traits is known as:
A) Epistasis
B) Pleiotropy
C) Codominance
D) Incomplete dominance
10. A fruit fly with XAAA (where X is one X chromosome and A represents a set of autosomes) would be:
A) Male
B) Female
C) Intersex
D) Superfemale
11. In the fruit fly Drosophila, sex is determined by the X:autosome ratio. A fly with XXAA (where A represents a set of autosomes) would be:
A) Male
B) Female
C) Intersex
D) Supermale
12. Genes located in pseudoautosomal regions show inheritance patterns similar to:
A) Autosomal genes
B) Y-linked genes
C) X-linked recessive genes
D) X-linked dominant genes
13. Pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) are found on:
A) Autosomes only
B) The Y chromosome only
C) Both X and Y chromosomes
D) Mitochondrial DNA
14. In species with XY sex determination, the X chromosome contains many more genes than the Y chromosome. These genes are called:
A) Y-linked genes
B) Autosomal genes
C) X-linked genes
D) Pseudoautosomal genes
15. Interference (I) is related to the Coefficient of Coincidence (C.O.C.) by the formula:
A) I = 1 - C.O.C.
B) I = C.O.C. - 1
C) I = 1 + C.O.C.
D) I = C.O.C. / 1
16. Coefficient of coincidence (C.O.C.) is calculated as:
A) Observed recombination frequency / Expected recombination frequency
B) Expected recombination frequency / Observed recombination frequency
C) Observed double crossovers / Expected double crossovers
D) Expected double crossovers / Observed double crossovers
17. If interference is positive, it means that:
A) The occurrence of one crossover increases the chance of another nearby.
B) The occurrence of one crossover decreases the chance of another nearby.
C) The occurrence of one crossover has no effect on another.
D) Crossing over is completely absent.
18. The phenomenon of 'interference' in crossing over refers to:
A) The occurrence of crossing over
B) The complete absence of crossing over
C) The effect of one crossover event on the likelihood of another crossover nearby
D) The independent assortment of genes
19. A test cross involving a heterozygous individual for two linked genes would reveal:
A) The genotype of the individual
B) The presence of parental and recombinant offspring
C) The linkage phase of the alleles
D) All of the above
20. When crossing over occurs between two linked genes, what is the result?
A) Parental gametes only
B) Recombinant gametes only
C) Both parental and recombinant gametes
D) No gametes are formed
21. Genes located on the Y chromosome are passed directly from:
A) Mother to daughter
B) Father to son
C) Mother to son
D) Father to daughter
22. Which of the following is a Y-linked trait in humans?
A) Red-green color blindness
B) Hemophilia
C) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
D) Hairy ears (Hypertrichosis)
23. A male with a normal genotype for color vision (X^B Y) and a female carrier (X^B X^b) have children. What is the probability of their son being color blind?
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 100%
24. Hemophilia is another well-known example of:
A) Autosomal dominant inheritance
B) Autosomal recessive inheritance
C) X-linked recessive inheritance
D) Mitochondrial inheritance
25. Color blindness is a classic example of which type of inheritance?
A) Autosomal dominant
B) Autosomal recessive
C) X-linked recessive
D) Y-linked
26. Why are X-linked recessive traits more common in males?
A) Females have two X chromosomes to mask the recessive allele.
B) Males have two Y chromosomes that express the trait.
C) Females have a higher mutation rate.
D) Males have a shorter generation time.
27. X-linked recessive traits are more commonly observed in which sex?
A) Males
B) Females
C) Both sexes equally
D) Neither sex
28. What is the term for genes located on the sex chromosomes?
A) Autosomal genes
B) Sex-linked genes
C) Mitochondrial genes
D) Plastid genes
29. In the ZW sex determination system, which sex has two different sex chromosomes?
A) ZZ (male)
B) ZW (female)
C) WW (hypothetical)
D) ZO (hypothetical)
30. In birds, sex determination is of the ZW type. Which sex is heterogametic?
A) Males (ZZ)
B) Females (ZW)
C) Both sexes are homogametic
D) Sex is determined by environmental factors
31. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome is crucial for:
A) Female sex determination
B) Male sex determination
C) X chromosome inactivation
D) Autosomal gene expression
32. An individual with a karyotype of XO in humans is typically:
A) Male with Klinefelter syndrome
B) Female with Turner syndrome
C) Male with Noonan syndrome
D) Female with Swyer syndrome
33. An individual with a karyotype of XXY in humans is typically:
A) Male with Klinefelter syndrome
B) Female with Turner syndrome
C) Male with Down syndrome
D) Female with Triple X syndrome
34. Which chromosome is considered the male-determining chromosome in humans?
A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) Autosome 1
D) Autosome 2
35. In humans, sex determination is primarily based on:
A) The number of X chromosomes
B) The presence of a Y chromosome
C) The ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes
D) Environmental factors
36. In Drosophila, sex is determined by:
A) The presence of a Y chromosome
B) The ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes
C) The number of autosomes
D) Hormonal factors only
37. Genes that are very far apart on the same chromosome behave as if they are:
A) Strongly linked
B) Unlinked and assort independently
C) Located on different chromosomes
D) Subject to chromosomal aberrations
38. What is the maximum recombination frequency observed between two linked genes?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%
39. If the recombination frequency between two genes is 10%, it means they are approximately how many map units apart?
A) 1 map unit
B) 5 map units
C) 10 map units
D) 20 map units
40. A genetic map represents the relative positions of genes on a chromosome, with distances measured in:
A) Micrometers
B) Base pairs
C) Centimorgans (cM) or map units
D) Megabases
41. Who developed the concept of gene mapping based on recombination frequencies?
A) Thomas Hunt Morgan
B) Alfred Sturtevant
C) Sutton and Boveri
D) Barbara McClintock
42. The frequency of crossing over between two genes on the same chromosome is proportional to:
A) Their physical distance
B) Their molecular weight
C) The number of alleles present
D) The ploidy level of the organism
43. A chiasma (plural: chiasmata) is the visible manifestation of:
A) Chromosome duplication
B) Homologous chromosome pairing
C) Crossing over events
D) Centromere division
44. The physical exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is called:
A) Synapsis
B) Chiasma formation
C) Crossing over
D) Segregation
45. Crossing over occurs during which stage of meiosis?
A) Leptotene
B) Zygotene
C) Pachytene
D) Diplotene
46. The phenomenon where alleles of different genes segregate independently during gamete formation is known as:
A) Linkage
B) Crossing over
C) Independent assortment
D) Gene flow
47. Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to:
A) Segregate independently
B) Be inherited together
C) Undergo mutation frequently
D) Recombine during meiosis
48. Which organism did Thomas Hunt Morgan primarily use for his experiments on linkage and crossing over?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Drosophila melanogaster
C) Zea mays
D) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
49. Who is credited with proposing the chromosomal theory of inheritance?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Thomas Hunt Morgan
C) Sutton and Boveri
D) Alfred Sturtevant