Breathing and exchange of gases - mechanism of respiration, transport of gases - One Line Questions

1. Approximately what percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in the blood? — 97%
2. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is approximately: — 104 mmHg
3. What is the approximate partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the deoxygenated blood entering the lungs? — 45 mmHg
4. The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is typically around: — 40 mmHg
5. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues is typically around: — 45 mmHg
6. The exchange of gases between blood and tissues occurs at the: — Systemic capillaries
7. The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and their fused basement membrane, facilitating: — Efficient gas exchange
8. Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to lungs primarily as: — Bicarbonate ions
9. The transport of oxygen by hemoglobin is primarily affected by the partial pressure of: — Oxygen
10. In the lungs, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of bicarbonate ions and H+ back into: — Carbon dioxide and water
11. The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O in red blood cells is: — Carbonic anhydrase
12. The respiratory center is located in the: — Medulla oblongata and pons
13. Which law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature? — Boyle's Law
14. An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to: — Decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
15. A decrease in blood pH typically leads to: — Increased breathing rate
16. What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration? — Increases
17. Which form is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood? — As bicarbonate ions
18. Which part of the respiratory center primarily controls the rate of breathing? — Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
19. Which muscles are involved in forced exhalation? — Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
20. The primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system is: — Warming, humidifying, and filtering air
21. The Hill equation is used to describe the relationship between: — Oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin saturation
22. Oxygen binds to which part of the hemoglobin molecule? — Heme group
23. At the tissues, oxygen is released from hemoglobin due to: — Lower partial pressure of oxygen and higher partial pressure of CO2
24. At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is lower, leading to: — A shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
25. When CO2 levels in the blood increase, the pH: — Decreases
26. The pneumotaxic center of the brainstem: — Inhibits inspiration
27. The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration is known as: — Expiratory reserve volume
28. During quiet inspiration, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases primarily due to the contraction of the: — Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
29. The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as: — Intrapleural pressure
30. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli because: — Its partial pressure is higher in the blood
31. The Bohr effect facilitates the unloading of oxygen at the tissues because: — High pCO2 and low pH in tissues decrease hemoglobin's affinity for O2
32. During expiration, the pressure inside the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is: — Higher than atmospheric pressure
33. Chemoreceptors sensitive to changes in blood pH and CO2 levels are located in the: — Medulla oblongata and aortic arch/carotid arteries
34. What is the chloride shift? — Movement of chloride ions into red blood cells
35. The Haldane effect describes the influence of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin on the transport of: — Carbon dioxide
36. The pCO2 in the tissues is higher than in the blood, facilitating: — Carbon dioxide diffusion into blood
37. The central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in: — Carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
38. The transport of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries is driven by a difference in: — Partial pressure of O2
39. The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is a reversible process influenced by: — All of the above
40. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right when: — pCO2 increases
41. During inspiration, the diaphragm: — Contracts and flattens
42. The volume of air breathed in or out during normal quiet breathing is called: — Tidal volume
43. The process of breathing is also known as: — Ventilation
44. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? — Partial pressure of Nitrogen
45. The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation is called: — Residual volume
46. The total volume of air a person can inhale after a normal exhalation is: — Inspiratory reserve volume
47. Vital capacity is the sum of: — Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
48. What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli? — To decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse
49. What is the primary site of gas exchange in the human respiratory system? — Alveoli
50. The Bohr effect describes the: — Effect of pH and CO2 on oxygen dissociation curve
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