Breathing and exchange of gases - mechanism of respiration, transport of gases - Question Bank
1. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
2. The transport of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries is driven by a difference in:
3. The central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in:
4. At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is lower, leading to:
5. The Haldane effect describes the influence of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin on the transport of:
6. The Hill equation is used to describe the relationship between:
7. During quiet inspiration, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases primarily due to the contraction of the:
8. The Bohr effect facilitates the unloading of oxygen at the tissues because:
9. The transport of oxygen by hemoglobin is primarily affected by the partial pressure of:
10. In the lungs, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of bicarbonate ions and H+ back into:
11. When CO2 levels in the blood increase, the pH:
12. The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and their fused basement membrane, facilitating:
13. The primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system is:
14. The volume of air breathed in or out during normal quiet breathing is called:
15. During expiration, the pressure inside the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is:
16. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues is typically around:
17. The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is typically around:
18. The exchange of gases between blood and tissues occurs at the:
19. Vital capacity is the sum of:
20. The total volume of air a person can inhale after a normal exhalation is:
21. The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration is known as:
22. The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation is called:
23. What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
24. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right when:
25. A decrease in blood pH typically leads to:
26. Chemoreceptors sensitive to changes in blood pH and CO2 levels are located in the:
27. The pneumotaxic center of the brainstem:
28. Which part of the respiratory center primarily controls the rate of breathing?
29. The respiratory center is located in the:
30. The pCO2 in the tissues is higher than in the blood, facilitating:
31. What is the chloride shift?
32. Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to lungs primarily as:
33. The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O in red blood cells is:
34. Which form is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
35. At the tissues, oxygen is released from hemoglobin due to:
36. The Bohr effect describes the:
37. An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to:
38. The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is a reversible process influenced by:
39. Oxygen binds to which part of the hemoglobin molecule?
40. Approximately what percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in the blood?
41. The solubility of oxygen in blood plasma is:
42. What is the approximate partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the deoxygenated blood entering the lungs?
43. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli because:
44. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is approximately:
45. Which law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature?
46. What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
47. The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as:
48. Which muscles are involved in forced exhalation?
49. During inspiration, the diaphragm:
50. The process of breathing is also known as: