Cardiovascular system – heart structure, cardiac cycle, ECG - One Line Questions

1. What is the average duration of the cardiac cycle in a resting adult? — 0.8 seconds
2. What is the average heart rate for a healthy adult at rest? — 60-100 beats per minute
3. During atrial systole, which valves are open? — Mitral and tricuspid valves
4. During ventricular systole, which valves close? — Mitral and tricuspid valves
5. During ventricular diastole, which valves open? — Mitral and tricuspid valves
6. The first heart sound ('lub') is produced by the closure of which valves? — Mitral and tricuspid valves
7. The second heart sound ('dub') is produced by the closure of which valves? — Aortic and pulmonary valves
8. The QRS complex on an ECG represents: — Ventricular depolarization
9. What does the T wave on an ECG represent? — Ventricular repolarization
10. The PR interval on an ECG represents the time from the beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of: — Ventricular depolarization
11. What is the term for the relaxation of the atria during the cardiac cycle? — Atrial diastole
12. What is the term for the contraction of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle? — Ventricular systole
13. Which part of the cardiac conduction system initiates the electrical impulse that triggers a heartbeat? — Sinoatrial (SA) node
14. Elevation of the ST segment on an ECG is often indicative of: — Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
15. The electrical impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node through the: — Internodal pathways
16. The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat is called: — Stroke volume
17. Which of the following factors can increase stroke volume? — Increased contractility
18. The sympathetic nervous system generally has what effect on heart rate? — Increases heart rate
19. What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called? — Systole
20. What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system? — Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
21. The muscular wall of the heart is called the: — Myocardium
22. The sac that surrounds and protects the heart is known as the: — Pericardium
23. An elevated afterload typically leads to: — Decreased stroke volume
24. The parasympathetic nervous system, primarily via the vagus nerve, generally has what effect on heart rate? — Decreases heart rate
25. The Q wave on an ECG represents: — Initial depolarization of the ventricles
26. What are Purkinje fibers responsible for? — Conducting electrical impulses to the ventricular myocardium
27. Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body? — Right atrium
28. The SA node is located in the wall of which chamber? — Right atrium
29. An ECG measures the: — Electrical activity of the heart
30. Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium? — Tricuspid valve
31. Which valve controls the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta? — Aortic valve
32. The inner lining of the heart chambers and valves is made up of: — Endocardium
33. What electrical event in the heart precedes atrial contraction? — P wave
34. Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself? — Coronary artery
35. The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the: — Mitral valve
36. A prolonged PR interval on an ECG may indicate: — AV block
37. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to which chamber of the heart? — Left atrium
38. The pulmonary valve is located between the: — Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
39. The AV node is located between which two chambers? — Right atrium and right ventricle
40. The electrical impulse travels from the AV node to the ventricles via the: — Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers
41. What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute? — Cardiac output
42. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying: — Stroke volume and heart rate
43. What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle called? — Diastole
44. What is afterload in the context of the cardiac cycle? — The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
45. The ST segment on an ECG represents: — The period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
46. What is preload in the context of the cardiac cycle? — The degree of stretch of the ventricular muscle before contraction
47. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the myocardium? — To generate heat
48. What is the primary role of the AV node in the cardiac conduction system? — To delay the impulse before it reaches the ventricles
49. The P wave on an ECG represents: — Atrial depolarization
50. The cardiac cycle begins with: — Atrial systole
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