Cellular organization – prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, ultrastructure and functions of organelles - One Line Questions

1. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, providing: — Mechanical support, shape, and movement
2. The presence of a cell wall made of peptidoglycan is characteristic of: — Bacterial cells
3. Which type of cell lacks a cell wall? — Animal cell
4. Which structure controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell? — Plasma membrane
5. The 'fluid mosaic model' describes the structure of the: — Plasma membrane
6. The outer boundary of an animal cell is the: — Plasma membrane
7. Which component is found in the plasma membrane but not typically in the cell wall of a plant cell? — Phospholipids
8. Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells? — Mitochondrion
9. The internal fluid-filled space within the mitochondrion is called the: — Matrix
10. Ribosomes are composed of: — RNA and proteins
11. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi complex)? — Protein and lipid modification, sorting, and packaging
12. Which organelle is responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy? — Mitochondrion
13. Which of the following organelles is involved in intracellular digestion and waste removal? — Lysosome
14. Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles? — Golgi apparatus
15. The nucleus contains the cell's: — Genetic material (DNA)
16. Which organelle contains the enzymes necessary for the breakdown of lipids and detoxification of harmful substances? — Peroxisome
17. What is the function of ribosomes? — Protein synthesis
18. Which organelle is involved in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids? — Endoplasmic reticulum
19. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with which structures, giving it a 'rough' appearance? — Ribosomes
20. The process of breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is carried out by: — Peroxisomes
21. Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells and some algae? — Chloroplast
22. Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? — Ribosome
23. Which part of the nucleus is primarily involved in ribosome synthesis? — Nucleolus
24. The genetic material in prokaryotes is typically found in a region called the: — Nucleoid
25. The powerhouse of the eukaryotic cell is the: — Mitochondrion
26. The site of cellular respiration and ATP production in eukaryotic cells is the: — Mitochondrion
27. The term 'cytoplasm' includes the cytosol and the: — Organelles suspended within it
28. Which of the following is the primary component of the cytoskeleton? — Proteins
29. The internal membrane system of eukaryotic cells, involved in synthesis and transport, is the: — Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles)
30. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into structures called: — Chromosomes
31. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells that differentiates them from prokaryotic cells? — Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
32. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells? — Absence of a true nucleus
33. What are peroxisomes primarily involved in? — Detoxification and breakdown of fatty acids
34. What is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotes like bacteria? — Maintaining cell shape and preventing osmotic lysis
35. In plant cells, a large central vacuole plays a role in: — Waste disposal and storage
36. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is primarily involved in: — Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage
37. What is the function of centrioles in animal cells? — Cell division (formation of spindle fibers)
38. Which of the following is NOT typically found in prokaryotic cells? — Mitochondria
39. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of: — Membrane-bound organelles
40. Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of steroids and detoxification of drugs and poisons? — Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
41. The plasma membrane is primarily composed of a: — Bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
42. Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes? — Composed of DNA and proteins (histones)
43. The stacks of flattened sacs within chloroplasts, where light-dependent reactions occur, are called: — Grana
44. The term 'ultrastructure' refers to: — The detailed internal structure of a cell observable with an electron microscope
45. Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis take place within the chloroplast? — Stroma
46. What is the role of the nucleolus? — To synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble ribosomes
47. What is the function of cristae in mitochondria? — To increase the surface area for ATP synthesis
48. What is the function of the nuclear pores? — To regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
49. What is the function of the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells? — To regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
50. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes and breaks down waste materials and cellular debris? — Lysosome
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