Gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo development, gastrulation - One Line Questions

1. What is the process of sperm maturation that occurs in the female reproductive tract, enabling it to fertilize an egg? — Capacitation
2. Which extraembryonic membrane contributes to the formation of the placenta in mammals? — Chorion
3. The primitive gut formed during gastrulation is known as the: — Archenteron
4. What is the term for the first cell formed after fertilization? — Zygote
5. In sea urchins, the first opening formed during gastrulation is called the: — Blastopore
6. A solid ball of cells formed after several rounds of cleavage is called a: — Morula
7. The process where cells change their shape and position to form the germ layers is called: — Morphogenesis
8. The extraembryonic membrane that encloses the embryo in amniotic fluid is the: — Amnion
9. What is the process by which the three primary germ layers are formed? — Gastrulation
10. The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function is called: — Differentiation
11. What is the term for the formation of the three germ layers from the blastoderm in a bird embryo? — Gastrulation
12. What is the glycoprotein layer surrounding the mammalian egg that sperm must penetrate? — Zona pellucida
13. What is the physiological block to polyspermy, preventing multiple sperm from fertilizing one egg? — Zona reaction
14. In human development, implantation typically occurs around which day post-fertilization? — Day 6-7
15. Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary germ layers formed during gastrulation? — Blastocoel
16. The middle germ layer that forms muscles, bones, and circulatory system is the: — Mesoderm
17. The inner germ layer that forms the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system is the: — Endoderm
18. The outer germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis is the: — Ectoderm
19. The invagination of cells to form the archenteron during gastrulation in sea urchins is an example of: — Involution
20. What is the first sign of embryonic development after fertilization? — Beginning of cleavage
21. The allantois in amniotes functions in: — Gas exchange and waste storage
22. What is the rapid series of mitotic cell divisions that occur in the zygote? — Cleavage
23. What is the term for the development of specialized cells and tissues from the germ layers? — Organogenesis
24. What is the process of implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall? — Implantation
25. The formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm is a crucial part of: — Neurulation
26. In chick embryo development, gastrulation involves the formation of a primitive streak and: — Hensen's node
27. What is the unequal division of cytoplasm during oogenesis called? — Polar body formation
28. The outer layer of the blastocyst that contributes to the placenta is called the: — Trophoblast
29. What is the fate of the blastocoel during gastrulation? — It is obliterated as germ layers form
30. Which structure forms the anterior end of the primitive streak in avian embryos, signaling the formation of the head? — Hensen's node
31. The yolk sac primarily functions to provide nutrients to the developing embryo in which group of animals? — Birds
32. What is the primary process by which germ cells (sperm and egg) are produced? — Meiosis
33. In mammalian development, the blastula is specifically called a: — Blastocyst
34. The initial formation of the nervous system from the ectoderm is called: — Neurulation
35. The formation of somites, blocks of mesoderm that give rise to vertebrae and muscles, is called: — Somitogenesis
36. What is the fusion of male and female gametes called? — Fertilization
37. In oogenesis, what is the diploid cell that begins meiosis and is arrested in Prophase I? — Primary oocyte
38. The first meiotic division in oogenesis produces a large secondary oocyte and a small: — First polar body
39. In mammals, where does fertilization typically occur? —
40. The second meiotic division in oogenesis is completed only upon: — Fertilization by sperm
41. Which cell is released from the ovary during ovulation, and is arrested in Metaphase II of meiosis? — Secondary oocyte
42. Which stage of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes pairing up and crossing over? — Prophase I
43. What is the primary role of the sperm's acrosome? — Contain enzymes to penetrate egg coats
44. The epiblast and hypoblast are layers present in the blastocyst of which organism? — Mammal
45. Which of the following is an example of induction during embryonic development? — The notochord inducing the formation of the neural tube
46. In spermatogenesis, what is the diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce spermatids? — Primary spermatocyte
47. What is the final product of spermatogenesis? — Spermatozoon
48. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will eventually form the: — Embryo proper
49. The acrosome reaction involves the release of enzymes that help the sperm penetrate which layers of the egg? — Zona pellucida and Corona radiata
50. What is the hollow ball of cells that forms after the morula stage? — Blastula
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