Homolytic and heterolytic bond fission radicals carbocations carbanions - One Line Questions

1. A single-headed curved arrow in reaction mechanisms signifies the movement of: — A single electron
2. What is a carbanion? — A species with a negative charge and a lone pair of electrons on a carbon atom
3. A carbanion is a Lewis: — Base
4. A carbocation is a Lewis: — Acid
5. The term 'fission' in chemistry refers to: — Bond breaking
6. Consider the heterolytic fission of CH3Br. The bromide ion (Br-) is formed because: — Bromine is more electronegative than carbon
7. Which type of intermediate is involved in electrophilic addition reactions? — Carbocation
8. Which of the following is an electrophile? — Carbocation
9. Which species has an electron deficiency at the carbon atom? — Carbocation
10. Which species possesses a positive charge and an incomplete octet, formed by heterolytic fission? — Carbocation
11. Which type of intermediate is involved in nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides? — Carbocation
12. Which of the following is a nucleophile? — Carbanion
13. Which species has an excess of electrons at the carbon atom? — Carbanion
14. What is the term for a species that contains an unpaired electron and is highly reactive? — Free radical
15. What is the primary product of homolytic fission of a covalent bond? — Free radical
16. Which of the following is an example of a carbocation? — CH3+
17. Which of the following is a possible intermediate in the free radical halogenation of alkanes? — CH3•
18. Which of the following is an example of a carbanion? — CH3-
19. Which of the following is an example of a free radical? — CH3•
20. The stability of carbanions is enhanced by: — Electron-withdrawing groups
21. Which factor contributes to the stability of carbanions? — Electron-withdrawing inductive effect
22. The stability of carbocations is enhanced by: — Electron-donating groups
23. Which factor contributes to the stability of carbocations? — Electron-donating inductive effect
24. Which of the following is the most stable carbocation? — Isopropyl carbocation
25. In the heterolytic fission of HCl, which species receives both electrons from the covalent bond? — Cl
26. Which type of bond fission is more common in non-polar solvents? — Homolytic fission
27. What type of bond fission involves the symmetrical distribution of bonding electrons between the two atoms? — Homolytic fission
28. What is the typical driving force for heterolytic fission? — Presence of a polar solvent
29. Which type of bond fission is more common in polar solvents? — Heterolytic fission
30. Which type of bond fission results in the formation of ions with opposite charges? — Heterolytic fission
31. Allylic and benzylic carbanions are more stable than simple alkyl carbanions due to: — Resonance stabilization
32. Allylic and benzylic carbocations are more stable than simple alkyl carbocations due to: — Resonance stabilization
33. Which of the following is characteristic of a free radical? — It contains an unpaired electron.
34. What kind of species is NH3, which can donate a pair of electrons? — Lewis Base
35. What kind of species is BF3, which can accept a pair of electrons? — Lewis Acid
36. Which of the following is the least stable carbanion? — t-Butyl carbanion
37. Which of the following species is most likely to undergo rearrangement to form a more stable carbocation? — n-Propyl carbocation
38. In the context of organic reaction mechanisms, what does a curved arrow typically represent? — Movement of electrons
39. Reactions involving free radicals are often characterized by: — Chain mechanisms
40. The formation of free radicals from halogens like Cl2 and Br2 is typically initiated by: — Heat or UV light
41. Homolytic fission is often initiated by: — Heat or light energy
42. The stability of carbanions generally follows the order: — Primary > Secondary > Tertiary
43. Which of the following is a source of free radicals? — Peroxides and UV light
44. What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in a methyl carbanion (CH3-)? — sp3
45. What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in a methyl radical (CH3•)? — sp2
46. What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in a methyl carbocation (CH3+)? — sp2
47. The stability of free radicals generally follows the order: — Tertiary > Secondary > Primary
48. The stability of carbocations follows the order: — Tertiary > Secondary > Primary
49. What is the geometry around the carbon atom in a carbocation? — Trigonal planar
50. What is the geometry around the carbon atom in a carbanion? — Tetrahedral
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