Individual Behaviour — Personality, perception, values, attitude, learning and motivation. - One Line Questions

1. An attitude is best described as: — A predisposition to respond in a favorable or unfavorable manner toward a given object or person
2. Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory? — Salary
3. Which personality trait is associated with being organized, dependable, and self-disciplined? — Conscientiousness
4. The process by which individuals attempt to manage the impressions others form of them is known as: — Impression Management
5. A person's relatively stable evaluation of people, objects, and ideas is called a(n): — Attitude
6. Perception is the process by which individuals: — Select, organize, and interpret information
7. Which theory of learning emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior, proposing that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated? — Operant Conditioning
8. Vicarious learning, where individuals learn by observing others and then imitating their behavior, is a key component of: — Social Learning Theory
9. Which of the following is NOT a core component of an attitude? — Perceptual
10. Which component of an attitude refers to the tendency to act in a certain way toward someone or something? — Behavioral
11. Which of the following is NOT one of the core components of an attitude? — Experiential component
12. Which of the following is an example of a 'motivator' factor in Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory? — Growth opportunities
13. The personality dimension characterized by imagination, artistic interest, and curiosity is: — Openness to Experience
14. Which of the following is a common perceptual error where an individual's overall impression of a person influences their evaluation of that person's specific traits? — Halo Effect
15. According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, motivation is a product of: — Effort, performance, and reward
16. The job descriptive index (JDI) is a widely used instrument for measuring: — Job satisfaction
17. Which theory of motivation focuses on the intrinsic desire to achieve personal goals and develop one's potential? — Self-Determination Theory
18. Which theory of motivation posits that individuals are motivated by a desire to reduce tension caused by unmet needs? — Drive Reduction Theory
19. Which theory of motivation proposes that individuals are motivated by fairness and equity in the workplace? — Equity Theory
20. A person who is anxious, insecure, and moody exhibits which of the Big Five personality traits? — Neuroticism
21. Which personality trait is characterized by being cooperative, warm, and trusting? — Agreeableness
22. When a person attributes a success to their own efforts and a failure to external factors, they are exhibiting: — Self-serving bias
23. The tendency for people to remember and interpret information in a way that confirms their existing beliefs is called: — Confirmation Bias
24. Which aspect of perception involves judging others based on the impression they make in comparison to recently encountered people? — Contrast Effect
25. Which perceptual shortcut involves forming an impression of an individual based on a single characteristic, such as intelligence or appearance? — Halo Effect
26. A manager assigns a new task to an employee based on the belief that the employee is capable of handling it. The employee, motivated by this belief, performs exceptionally well. This is an example of: — Pygmalion Effect
27. The process of filtering information to fit one's own perceptions is known as: — Selective Perception
28. Which component of personality, according to Freud, operates on the reality principle and tries to satisfy the id's desires in realistic ways? — Ego
29. Values that are considered desirable end-states of existence are known as: — Terminal values
30. Which type of values are concerned with the ends to be achieved, such as prosperity and salvation? — Terminal values
31. When an employee believes that their efforts will lead to good performance, this relates to which component of Expectancy Theory? — Expectancy
32. Operant conditioning is most closely associated with the work of: — B.F. Skinner
33. According to goal-setting theory, specific and difficult goals, when accepted, result in: — Higher performance
34. Which theory suggests that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired outcomes? — Expectancy Theory
35. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of: — Experience
36. What is the primary focus of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? — Assessing personality preferences
37. The process of becoming aware of and making sense of the environment is: — Perception
38. The Big Five personality traits include all of the following EXCEPT: — Ambition
39. Which type of learning involves associating an involuntary response with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response? — Classical Conditioning
40. The process of establishing a connection or relationship between stimulus and response is central to: — Learning
41. The process by which an organization attempts to influence the perceptions of its employees is known as: — Impression Management
42. According to McClelland's Theory of Needs, individuals with a high need for achievement typically: — Prefer challenging tasks with clear feedback and personal responsibility
43. The belief that one can perform a specific task successfully is called: — Self-efficacy
44. When we tend to see ourselves as being better than we actually are, this is an example of: — Self-enhancement bias
45. The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors on the behavior of others is known as: — Fundamental attribution error
46. Values are: — Enduring beliefs about what is important
47. Which type of values are concerned with the means of achieving ends, such as ambition and honesty? — Instrumental values
48. The 'locus of control' refers to an individual's belief about: — Their ability to influence events that affect them
49. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals experience discomfort when: — Their beliefs or attitudes are in conflict with their behavior
50. Which of the following theories of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences? — Psychoanalytic Theory
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