Individual Behaviour — Personality, perception, values, attitude, learning and motivation. - Question Bank

1. Values that are considered desirable end-states of existence are known as:
A) Instrumental values
B) Terminal values
C) Personal values
D) Ethical values
2. Which theory of motivation posits that individuals are motivated by a desire to reduce tension caused by unmet needs?
A) Expectancy Theory
B) Drive Reduction Theory
C) Equity Theory
D) Goal-Setting Theory
3. The process by which an organization attempts to influence the perceptions of its employees is known as:
A) Performance Appraisal
B) Training and Development
C) Impression Management
D) Organizational Culture
4. A person who is anxious, insecure, and moody exhibits which of the Big Five personality traits?
A) Extraversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Neuroticism
D) Openness
5. Which aspect of perception involves judging others based on the impression they make in comparison to recently encountered people?
A) Halo Effect
B) Stereotyping
C) Contrast Effect
D) Projection
6. According to goal-setting theory, specific and difficult goals, when accepted, result in:
A) Lower performance
B) Higher performance
C) Increased job satisfaction
D) Decreased motivation
7. Which of the following is NOT a core component of an attitude?
A) Cognitive
B) Affective
C) Behavioral
D) Perceptual
8. The tendency for people to remember and interpret information in a way that confirms their existing beliefs is called:
A) Halo Effect
B) Stereotyping
C) Confirmation Bias
D) Self-Serving Bias
9. Which component of personality, according to Freud, operates on the reality principle and tries to satisfy the id's desires in realistic ways?
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Conscious
10. The process of establishing a connection or relationship between stimulus and response is central to:
A) Perception
B) Attribution
C) Learning
D) Motivation
11. Which theory of motivation focuses on the intrinsic desire to achieve personal goals and develop one's potential?
A) ERG Theory
B) Self-Determination Theory
C) Goal-Setting Theory
D) Reinforcement Theory
12. Which of the following is a common perceptual error where an individual's overall impression of a person influences their evaluation of that person's specific traits?
A) Contrast Effect
B) Stereotyping
C) Halo Effect
D) Selective Perception
13. The personality dimension characterized by imagination, artistic interest, and curiosity is:
A) Conscientiousness
B) Agreeableness
C) Openness to Experience
D) Neuroticism
14. When an employee believes that their efforts will lead to good performance, this relates to which component of Expectancy Theory?
A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Expectancy
D) Motivation
15. Operant conditioning is most closely associated with the work of:
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Albert Bandura
D) Abraham Maslow
16. Which type of values are concerned with the means of achieving ends, such as ambition and honesty?
A) Terminal values
B) Instrumental values
C) Core values
D) Cultural values
17. A person's relatively stable evaluation of people, objects, and ideas is called a(n):
A) Belief
B) Value
C) Attitude
D) Perception
18. Which theory suggests that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired outcomes?
A) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
B) Expectancy Theory
C) Equity Theory
D) Goal-Setting Theory
19. The process of becoming aware of and making sense of the environment is:
A) Motivation
B) Learning
C) Perception
D) Attitude formation
20. Which personality trait is characterized by being cooperative, warm, and trusting?
A) Extraversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Neuroticism
D) Openness
21. The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors on the behavior of others is known as:
A) Self-serving bias
B) Confirmation bias
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Hindsight bias
22. Which of the following is an example of a 'motivator' factor in Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory?
A) Company policy
B) Working conditions
C) Interpersonal relations
D) Growth opportunities
23. The belief that one can perform a specific task successfully is called:
A) Self-esteem
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-monitoring
D) Self-actualization
24. According to McClelland's Theory of Needs, individuals with a high need for achievement typically:
A) Seek close relationships and friendships
B) Desire to influence others and control their environment
C) Prefer challenging tasks with clear feedback and personal responsibility
D) Avoid situations involving risk and uncertainty
25. Which type of learning involves associating an involuntary response with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response?
A) Operant Conditioning
B) Classical Conditioning
C) Observational Learning
D) Cognitive Learning
26. The process of filtering information to fit one's own perceptions is known as:
A) Halo Effect
B) Selective Perception
C) Stereotyping
D) Projection
27. Which component of an attitude refers to the tendency to act in a certain way toward someone or something?
A) Cognitive
B) Affective
C) Behavioral
D) Evaluative
28. What is the primary focus of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?
A) Measuring job satisfaction
B) Assessing personality preferences
C) Predicting employee turnover
D) Evaluating leadership potential
29. When a person attributes a success to their own efforts and a failure to external factors, they are exhibiting:
A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Confirmation bias
D) Stereotyping
30. The 'locus of control' refers to an individual's belief about:
A) Their ability to influence events that affect them
B) Their level of conscientiousness
C) Their openness to new experiences
D) Their need for social interaction
31. Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory?
A) Achievement
B) Recognition
C) Salary
D) Responsibility
32. According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, motivation is a product of:
A) Effort, performance, and reward
B) Need, drive, and goal
C) Satisfaction, hygiene, and motivation
D) Equity, comparison, and outcome
33. Vicarious learning, where individuals learn by observing others and then imitating their behavior, is a key component of:
A) Classical Conditioning
B) Operant Conditioning
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Dissonance Theory
34. Which theory of motivation proposes that individuals are motivated by fairness and equity in the workplace?
A) Expectancy Theory
B) Goal-Setting Theory
C) Equity Theory
D) Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
35. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals experience discomfort when:
A) Their values align with their behavior
B) Their attitudes are consistent with their beliefs
C) Their beliefs or attitudes are in conflict with their behavior
D) They receive positive reinforcement for their actions
36. Which type of values are concerned with the ends to be achieved, such as prosperity and salvation?
A) Instrumental values
B) Terminal values
C) Personal values
D) Societal values
37. A manager assigns a new task to an employee based on the belief that the employee is capable of handling it. The employee, motivated by this belief, performs exceptionally well. This is an example of:
A) Halo Effect
B) Pygmalion Effect
C) Horn Effect
D) Stereotyping
38. When we tend to see ourselves as being better than we actually are, this is an example of:
A) Self-serving bias
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Self-enhancement bias
D) Self-monitoring
39. Which personality trait is associated with being organized, dependable, and self-disciplined?
A) Agreeableness
B) Neuroticism
C) Conscientiousness
D) Openness to Experience
40. The process by which individuals attempt to manage the impressions others form of them is known as:
A) Attribution
B) Perception
C) Impression Management
D) Cognitive Dissonance
41. Which of the following is NOT one of the core components of an attitude?
A) Cognitive component
B) Affective component
C) Behavioral component
D) Experiential component
42. Which theory of learning emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior, proposing that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated?
A) Classical Conditioning
B) Operant Conditioning
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Learning Theory
43. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of:
A) Maturation
B) Experience
C) Fatigue
D) Innate instincts
44. The job descriptive index (JDI) is a widely used instrument for measuring:
A) Employee personality
B) Organizational commitment
C) Job satisfaction
D) Workplace motivation
45. An attitude is best described as:
A) A stable, enduring characteristic of a person
B) A predisposition to respond in a favorable or unfavorable manner toward a given object or person
C) A set of learned responses to a particular stimulus
D) The degree to which a person is outgoing and assertive
46. Values are:
A) Temporary states of arousal
B) Enduring beliefs about what is important
C) Acquired through direct experience
D) Subjective interpretations of reality
47. Which perceptual shortcut involves forming an impression of an individual based on a single characteristic, such as intelligence or appearance?
A) Halo Effect
B) Stereotyping
C) Selective Perception
D) Projection
48. Perception is the process by which individuals:
A) Change their attitudes towards work
B) Select, organize, and interpret information
C) Acquire skills and knowledge
D) Develop their unique character traits
49. The Big Five personality traits include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Openness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Ambition
D) Extraversion
50. Which of the following theories of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences?
A) Trait Theory
B) Psychoanalytic Theory
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Humanistic Theory
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