Neurophysiology – CNS, PNS, neuron structure, impulse transmission, neurotransmitters, reflexes - One Line Questions

1. The 'all-or-none' principle of action potential generation means that: — A neuron will fire an action potential only if the stimulus reaches a certain threshold
2. What is a reflex action? — An involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus
3. Which part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles? — Somatic nervous system
4. The withdrawal reflex (e.g., pulling your hand away from a hot object) is an example of what type of reflex? — Somatic reflex
5. What is the main structural and functional unit of the nervous system called? — Neuron
6. Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus and major organelles? — Cell body (soma)
7. Which part of a neuron typically receives signals from other neurons? — Dendrites
8. The gap between two neurons where information is transmitted is known as the: — Synapse
9. Which part of the neuron integrates incoming signals? — Cell body (soma) and axon hillock
10. Gaps in the myelin sheath where the action potential is regenerated are called: — Nodes of Ranvier
11. Which of the following is NOT a component of the CNS? — Cranial nerves
12. The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system and the: — Autonomic nervous system
13. The brain region responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance is the: — Cerebellum
14. What type of synapse involves direct electrical connection between neurons? — Electrical synapse
15. The process of impulse transmission along a myelinated axon is called: — Saltatory conduction
16. What is the term for the process where neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron? — Reuptake
17. What is the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body? — Axon
18. What is the insulating layer around many axons that speeds up nerve impulse transmission? — Myelin sheath
19. When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, it can cause: — Both depolarization and hyperpolarization
20. Which type of neurotransmitter is Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)? — Inhibitory
21. Which of the following is a common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? — Glutamate
22. Which neurotransmitter is often associated with mood, sleep, and appetite regulation? — Serotonin
23. What causes repolarization of the neuron membrane after an action potential? — Efflux of potassium ions
24. What are chemical messengers released by neurons to transmit signals across synapses called? — Neurotransmitters
25. Which of the following is a key characteristic of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? — It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
26. What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the peripheral nervous system? — It excites skeletal muscles at the neuromuscular junction.
27. The process of removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft after signal transmission is crucial for: — Allowing for precise and controlled signaling
28. In a simple reflex arc, what is the first component that detects a stimulus? — Sensory receptor
29. What is the electrical signal that travels along a neuron called? — Action potential
30. A polysynaptic reflex arc involves: — A sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and at least one interneuron
31. Which division of the ANS prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses? — Sympathetic nervous system
32. Damage to the myelin sheath can lead to which of the following conditions? — Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
33. The brain is primarily composed of which part of the nervous system? — Central Nervous System (CNS)
34. In a chemical synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the: — Presynaptic terminal
35. During an action potential, which ion primarily rushes into the neuron? — Sodium (Na+)
36. The spinal cord's primary role in the CNS includes: — Relaying sensory information and coordinating reflexes
37. The structure that carries out the response in a reflex action is called the: — Effector
38. The phenomenon where a neuron becomes less responsive to repeated stimulation after prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter is known as: — Habituation
39. Which type of neuron carries impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands? — Motor neuron
40. Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction? — Acetylcholine (ACh)
41. Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in reward pathways and is implicated in addiction? — Dopamine
42. The parasympathetic nervous system is primarily involved in: — Conserving energy and promoting 'rest and digest' functions
43. The pathway followed by a nerve impulse during a reflex action is called a: — Reflex arc
44. The process by which a neuron transmits a signal is called: — All of the above
45. What is the resting potential of a neuron? — The electrical charge across the membrane when the neuron is inactive
46. What is summation in neurophysiology? — The combined effect of multiple synaptic inputs on a neuron's membrane potential
47. What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters? — To decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential
48. What is the primary role of sensory receptors in the PNS? — To detect stimuli from the internal and external environment
49. What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)? — To process information and coordinate bodily activities
50. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for: — Regulating involuntary bodily functions
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