Pteridophytes - classification (Sporne 1976), distribution of extinct and extant forms, comparative morphology and anatomy of sporophytes, gametophyte structure and development (Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteropsida) - One Line Questions

1. In Lycopsida, the leaves are typically microphylls. What characterizes a microphyll? — A small leaf with a single, unbranched vascular strand.
2. In *Selaginella* (Lycopsida), the larger spore type develops into: — A female gametophyte
3. The development of a prominent, independent sporophyte generation is a defining characteristic of: — Pteridophytes
4. The presence of endodermis with Casparian strips in the stele is a characteristic feature found in: — Generally in the stems and roots of Pteridophytes
5. The female gametangium in Pteridophytes, which produces the egg cell, is known as: — Archegonium
6. Which extinct group of Lycopsida, like *Sigillaria*, featured large, ribbed stems and spore-bearing organs arranged spirally? — Lepidodendrales
7. Which extinct group of Lycopsida had massive trees that contributed significantly to coal formation? — Lepidodendron
8. The class Pteropsida includes: — Ferns and seed ferns
9. The development of the vascular system in the stem of Pteridophytes often involves the formation of a central core of xylem and phloem, known as: — Stele
10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sporophyte of *Psilotum*? — Presence of large, compound fronds
11. Sphenopsida are recognized by their: — Jointed stems with whorled leaves and often terminal cones.
12. Which of the following is a key anatomical feature of the stem in Lycopsida? — Solid central xylem (protostele) or a siphonostele with leaf gaps.
13. The 'Rhyniophytes', such as *Rhynia* and *Hornea*, are important representatives of which extinct group? — Early Psilophytales
14. The development of the gametophyte from a single spore within the spore wall is termed: — Endosporic
15. The gametophyte of *Psilotum* is: — Exosporic, subterranean, and saprophytic
16. Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida are major groups within which Pteridophyte classification? — Classes
17. What does the term 'extant' refer to in the context of Pteridophyte distribution? — Currently living species
18. The strobilus (cone) in Lycopsida and Sphenopsida is composed of modified leaves called: — Sporophylls
19. The structure responsible for spore production in Pteridophytes, typically containing spores, is called a: — Sporangium
20. The evolution of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is a key feature that distinguishes Pteridophytes from: — Bryophytes
21. The sporophyte generation in Pteridophytes is typically: — Diploid and dominant
22. Which of the following is a characteristic of the gametophyte generation in Pteridophytes? — It is haploid and independent or partially dependent.
23. Which extinct group, closely related to modern horsetails, had woody stems and large cones? — Calamites (Sphenopsida)
24. Sporne's (1976) classification places the ferns and seed ferns into which of the following groups? — Pterophyta
25. The 'seed ferns' (Pteridospermatophyta) are classified under which major group according to Sporne's system? — Pterophyta
26. The extinct group Equisetales, within Sphenopsida, is represented today by the genus: — Equisetum
27. Which extinct group of Pteridophytes is characterized by dichotomous branching of the stem and lack of true roots and leaves? — Psilophytales (within Psilopsida)
28. The 'living fossil' *Psilotum* is a representative of which class of Pteridophytes? — Psilopsida
29. The characteristic coiled vernation (circinate vernation) is a hallmark of which Pteridophyte group? — Pteropsida (Ferns)
30. Which extinct Pteridophyte group is characterized by dichotomous branching, terminal sporangia, and the absence of true leaves and roots? — Psilophytales
31. What is the primary difference between microphylls and megaphylls in Pteridophytes? — Microphylls have a single vascular strand; megaphylls have multiple vascular strands.
32. The gametophyte generation in Pteridophytes is responsible for producing gametes. The male gametangium is called: — Antheridium
33. In many ferns (Pteropsida), the gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped, photosynthetic structure called a: — Prothallus
34. The vascular tissues in the stele of many Pteridophytes are arranged in a pattern characteristic of: — All of the above, depending on the group and age
35. The vascular bundles in the stem of a fern (Pteropsida) are typically arranged in a: — Siphonostele or Dictyostele
36. What is the term for the vascular tissue arrangement where xylem and phloem are arranged in separate, distinct strands, often with a pith? — Siphonostele
37. Sporne's classification (1976) groups the clubmosses and their allies into which division? — Lycophyta
38. Which extinct group shows a transition towards seed habit, possessing fern-like leaves and some heterospory? — Medullosales (Pteropsida, Seed Ferns)
39. The development of the gametophyte in Pteridophytes can be exosporic or endosporic. Which group primarily exhibits endosporic gametophyte development? — Psilopsida
40. Which Pteridophyte class is characterized by the presence of true roots, stems, and leaves, with leaves being megaphyllous? — Pteropsida
41. Heterospory, the production of two types of spores, is a significant evolutionary development in Pteridophytes. Which group prominently exhibits heterospory? — Most Lycopsida (e.g., *Selaginella*)
42. Which class of Pteridophytes includes the extinct 'Calamites' and the living 'Horsetails'? — Sphenopsida
43. Which of the following extinct groups is considered a precursor to modern conifers and flowering plants due to its seed-bearing structures? — Seed Ferns (Pteridospermatophyta)
44. Lycopsida are characterized by: — Scale leaves and sporangia borne on sporophylls
45. Which classification system for Pteridophytes is specifically mentioned in the topic? — Sporne's Classification (1976)
46. Which of the following is a characteristic of the sporophyte anatomy of *Equisetum* (Sphenopsida)? — Hollow stem with prominent ridges and valleculae.
47. What is the term for the leaf-like appendages bearing sporangia in many Pteridophytes, particularly in Lycopsida? — Sporophylls
48. In typical ferns (Pteropsida), the sporangia are often clustered in structures called: — Sori
49. The presence of sporangia clustered on the underside of fern leaves (fronds) in definite groups is characteristic of: — Sori
50. The term 'Pteropsida' in Sporne's classification primarily encompasses: — Ferns, seed ferns, and modern seed plants
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