Pteridophytes - classification (Sporne 1976), distribution of extinct and extant forms, comparative morphology and anatomy of sporophytes, gametophyte structure and development (Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteropsida) - Question Bank
1. Which extinct group of Lycopsida, like *Sigillaria*, featured large, ribbed stems and spore-bearing organs arranged spirally?
2. The term 'Pteropsida' in Sporne's classification primarily encompasses:
3. Sporne's classification (1976) groups the clubmosses and their allies into which division?
4. In *Selaginella* (Lycopsida), the larger spore type develops into:
5. The evolution of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is a key feature that distinguishes Pteridophytes from:
6. Which extinct Pteridophyte group is characterized by dichotomous branching, terminal sporangia, and the absence of true leaves and roots?
7. The presence of sporangia clustered on the underside of fern leaves (fronds) in definite groups is characteristic of:
8. What is the term for the vascular tissue arrangement where xylem and phloem are arranged in separate, distinct strands, often with a pith?
9. The 'seed ferns' (Pteridospermatophyta) are classified under which major group according to Sporne's system?
10. Which class of Pteridophytes includes the extinct 'Calamites' and the living 'Horsetails'?
11. The development of a prominent, independent sporophyte generation is a defining characteristic of:
12. The female gametangium in Pteridophytes, which produces the egg cell, is known as:
13. The gametophyte generation in Pteridophytes is responsible for producing gametes. The male gametangium is called:
14. Which of the following is a key anatomical feature of the stem in Lycopsida?
15. The structure responsible for spore production in Pteridophytes, typically containing spores, is called a:
16. The vascular bundles in the stem of a fern (Pteropsida) are typically arranged in a:
17. Which of the following extinct groups is considered a precursor to modern conifers and flowering plants due to its seed-bearing structures?
18. The development of the gametophyte from a single spore within the spore wall is termed:
19. Heterospory, the production of two types of spores, is a significant evolutionary development in Pteridophytes. Which group prominently exhibits heterospory?
20. The extinct group Equisetales, within Sphenopsida, is represented today by the genus:
21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sporophyte of *Psilotum*?
22. The presence of endodermis with Casparian strips in the stele is a characteristic feature found in:
23. In many ferns (Pteropsida), the gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped, photosynthetic structure called a:
24. The development of the vascular system in the stem of Pteridophytes often involves the formation of a central core of xylem and phloem, known as:
25. Which extinct group shows a transition towards seed habit, possessing fern-like leaves and some heterospory?
26. The strobilus (cone) in Lycopsida and Sphenopsida is composed of modified leaves called:
27. What is the primary difference between microphylls and megaphylls in Pteridophytes?
28. Sporne's (1976) classification places the ferns and seed ferns into which of the following groups?
29. The 'Rhyniophytes', such as *Rhynia* and *Hornea*, are important representatives of which extinct group?
30. Which Pteridophyte class is characterized by the presence of true roots, stems, and leaves, with leaves being megaphyllous?
31. The vascular tissues in the stele of many Pteridophytes are arranged in a pattern characteristic of:
32. Which of the following is a characteristic of the sporophyte anatomy of *Equisetum* (Sphenopsida)?
33. The gametophyte of *Psilotum* is:
34. The development of the gametophyte in Pteridophytes can be exosporic or endosporic. Which group primarily exhibits endosporic gametophyte development?
35. In typical ferns (Pteropsida), the sporangia are often clustered in structures called:
36. The characteristic coiled vernation (circinate vernation) is a hallmark of which Pteridophyte group?
37. Which extinct group of Lycopsida had massive trees that contributed significantly to coal formation?
38. Sphenopsida are recognized by their:
39. In Lycopsida, the leaves are typically microphylls. What characterizes a microphyll?
40. What is the term for the leaf-like appendages bearing sporangia in many Pteridophytes, particularly in Lycopsida?
41. The class Pteropsida includes:
42. Which extinct group, closely related to modern horsetails, had woody stems and large cones?
43. Lycopsida are characterized by:
44. The 'living fossil' *Psilotum* is a representative of which class of Pteridophytes?
45. Which extinct group of Pteridophytes is characterized by dichotomous branching of the stem and lack of true roots and leaves?
46. Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida are major groups within which Pteridophyte classification?
47. Which of the following is a characteristic of the gametophyte generation in Pteridophytes?
48. The sporophyte generation in Pteridophytes is typically:
49. What does the term 'extant' refer to in the context of Pteridophyte distribution?
50. Which classification system for Pteridophytes is specifically mentioned in the topic?