Structure of arguments: argument forms, categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, connotation and denotation, classical square of opposition. - One Line Questions

1. The fallacy of 'Appeal to Authority' (Argumentum ad verecundiam) is an example of: — An informal fallacy of relevance
2. The proposition 'No dogs are cats' is an example of which type of categorical proposition? — E proposition
3. The proposition 'Some students are not diligent' is an example of which type of categorical proposition? — O proposition
4. The proposition 'All politicians are liars' is an example of which type of categorical proposition? — A proposition
5. Which type of categorical proposition asserts that all members of the subject class are members of the predicate class? — A proposition (Universal Affirmative)
6. Which of the following is an example of a formal fallacy? — Affirming the consequent
7. What is the mood of the syllogism: All M are P. All S are M. Therefore, All S are P? — AAA
8. What is the mood of the syllogism: No P are M. All S are M. Therefore, No S are P? — EAE
9. Consider the syllogism: All P are M. No S are M. Therefore, No S are P. What is its mood and figure? — AEE-2
10. Which of the following represents an E proposition? — No students are scholars.
11. The argument 'All mammals are warm-blooded. All whales are mammals. Therefore, all whales are warm-blooded.' is an example of: — A valid argument form (Categorical Syllogism - AAA-1)
12. The fallacy of 'Composition' is an informal fallacy that: — Assumes that what is true of the parts is true of the whole.
13. In the classical square of opposition, 'Contradictories' are propositions that: — Must have opposite truth values (one true, one false)
14. In the classical square of opposition, 'Contraries' are propositions that: — Cannot both be true, but can both be false
15. In the classical square of opposition, 'Subcontraries' are propositions that: — Cannot both be true, but can both be false
16. The term 'mammal' has a wider _______ than the term 'dog'. — Denotation
17. The term 'blue' has a wider _______ than the term 'sky blue'. — Denotation
18. What is the relationship between the E proposition ('No S are P') and the I proposition ('Some S are P') in the classical square of opposition? — Contradictories
19. Which type of argument involves drawing a conclusion from premises that are themselves debatable or unproven? — Begging the question
20. The term 'justice' has a wide _______ but a narrow ______. — Denotation, Connotation
21. The argument 'If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet. Therefore, it is raining.' commits which fallacy? — Affirming the consequent
22. The argument 'If a person is a doctor, they are intelligent. John is intelligent. Therefore, John is a doctor.' commits which fallacy? — Affirming the consequent
23. The argument 'If you study hard, you will pass the exam. You did not pass the exam. Therefore, you did not study hard.' commits which fallacy? — Modus tollens
24. The argument 'If it is sunny, we go to the beach. It is not sunny. Therefore, we do not go to the beach.' commits which fallacy? — Denying the antecedent
25. Consider the syllogism: No M is P. Some S are M. Therefore, Some S are not P. What is its mood and figure? — EIO-4
26. Which formal fallacy occurs when the middle term is not distributed in either premise of a categorical syllogism? — Fallacy of the undistributed middle
27. Which formal fallacy arises when a term distributed in the conclusion is not distributed in its premise? — Fallacy of illicit minor
28. In a categorical syllogism, which figure is characterized by the middle term being the subject of the major premise and the predicate of the minor premise? — Figure 4
29. Which figure of the categorical syllogism has the middle term as the predicate in both premises? — Figure 2
30. Which figure of the categorical syllogism has the middle term as the subject of both premises? — Figure 1
31. The fallacy of 'Equivocation' is an example of which type of fallacy? — Informal fallacy of ambiguity
32. Which informal fallacy occurs when an argument relies on premises that are too weak or insufficient to support the conclusion? — Hasty generalization
33. The fallacy of 'Begging the Question' (Petitio Principii) is an example of: — Informal fallacy of presumption
34. In a categorical syllogism, what is the role of the middle term? — It appears in both premises but not in the conclusion.
35. If a term has a wide denotation, what can be said about its connotation? — It will have a narrow connotation.
36. The fallacy of 'Appeal to Emotion' (Argumentum ad passiones) is an informal fallacy that: — Manipulates emotions to persuade instead of using logic.
37. In a categorical syllogism, the premise containing the predicate of the conclusion is called the: — Major premise
38. Which informal fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself? — Ad hominem
39. Which informal fallacy involves presenting a limited set of options when more possibilities exist? — False dichotomy
40. Consider the categorical proposition: 'Some mammals are not swimmers.' What is the subject term and the predicate term? — Subject: mammals, Predicate: swimmers
41. What is the mood of a categorical syllogism? — The sequence of the three types of propositions (A, E, I, O) in the syllogism
42. What is the 'connotation' of a term? — The associated ideas or qualities it suggests
43. What does the 'denotation' of a term refer to? — The class of objects or instances to which the term applies
44. In a categorical proposition, what does the term 'copula' refer to? — The word or phrase that links the subject and predicate terms
45. The figure of a categorical syllogism is determined by: — The position of the middle term in the premises
46. According to the classical square of opposition, if the A proposition ('All S are P') is true, what is the truth value of the O proposition ('Some S are not P')? — False
47. If the I proposition ('Some S are P') is true, what is the truth value of the A proposition ('All S are P') in the classical square of opposition? — Indeterminate
48. According to the classical square of opposition, if the E proposition ('No S are P') is false, what is the truth value of the A proposition ('All S are P')? — Indeterminate
49. If the O proposition ('Some S are not P') is true, what is the truth value of the A proposition ('All S are P') in the classical square of opposition? — False
50. If the A proposition ('All S are P') is false, what is the truth value of the O proposition ('Some S are not P') in the classical square of opposition? — Indeterminate
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