Structure of arguments: argument forms, categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, connotation and denotation, classical square of opposition. - Question Bank

1. What is the mood of the syllogism: No P are M. All S are M. Therefore, No S are P?
A) AEE
B) EAE
C) EIO
D) AOO
2. The argument 'If it is sunny, we go to the beach. It is not sunny. Therefore, we do not go to the beach.' commits which fallacy?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Affirming the consequent
C) Undistributed middle
D) Fallacy of composition
3. Consider the categorical proposition: 'Some mammals are not swimmers.' What is the subject term and the predicate term?
A) Subject: mammals, Predicate: swimmers
B) Subject: Some, Predicate: not swimmers
C) Subject: Some mammals, Predicate: swimmers
D) Subject: mammals, Predicate: not swimmers
4. If the A proposition ('All S are P') is false, what is the truth value of the O proposition ('Some S are not P') in the classical square of opposition?
A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Contingent
5. Which type of argument involves drawing a conclusion from premises that are themselves debatable or unproven?
A) Deductive argument
B) Inductive argument
C) Argument from ignorance
D) Begging the question
6. The fallacy of 'Appeal to Emotion' (Argumentum ad passiones) is an informal fallacy that:
A) Manipulates emotions to persuade instead of using logic.
B) Attacks the opponent's character.
C) Misrepresents the opponent's argument.
D) Assumes the conclusion in the premise.
7. The figure of a categorical syllogism is determined by:
A) The type of propositions used (A, E, I, O)
B) The position of the middle term in the premises
C) The number of terms in the argument
D) The truth value of the conclusion
8. Which of the following represents an E proposition?
A) All students are scholars.
B) Some students are scholars.
C) No students are scholars.
D) Some students are not scholars.
9. The term 'justice' has a wide _______ but a narrow ______.
A) Denotation, Connotation
B) Connotation, Denotation
C) Ambiguity, Validity
D) Validity, Ambiguity
10. The argument 'All mammals are warm-blooded. All whales are mammals. Therefore, all whales are warm-blooded.' is an example of:
A) An invalid argument with a formal fallacy
B) An invalid argument with an informal fallacy
C) A valid argument form (Categorical Syllogism - AAA-1)
D) A valid argument form (Categorical Syllogism - EAE-2)
11. In the classical square of opposition, 'Subcontraries' are propositions that:
A) Cannot both be true, but can both be false
B) Cannot both be false, but can both be true
C) Must have opposite truth values (one true, one false)
D) May both be true and may both be false
12. If the O proposition ('Some S are not P') is true, what is the truth value of the A proposition ('All S are P') in the classical square of opposition?
A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Contingent
13. What is the 'connotation' of a term?
A) The class of objects it refers to
B) Its literal meaning
C) The associated ideas or qualities it suggests
D) Its grammatical function
14. The fallacy of 'Composition' is an informal fallacy that:
A) Assumes that what is true of the whole is true of the parts.
B) Assumes that what is true of the parts is true of the whole.
C) Uses irrelevant information to distract.
D) Attacks the character of the opponent.
15. Which informal fallacy involves presenting a limited set of options when more possibilities exist?
A) Straw man
B) Red herring
C) False dichotomy
D) Appeal to emotion
16. Consider the syllogism: All P are M. No S are M. Therefore, No S are P. What is its mood and figure?
A) AEE-1
B) AEE-2
C) EAE-1
D) EAE-2
17. The argument 'If you study hard, you will pass the exam. You did not pass the exam. Therefore, you did not study hard.' commits which fallacy?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Affirming the consequent
C) Modus ponens
D) Modus tollens
18. In the classical square of opposition, 'Contraries' are propositions that:
A) Cannot both be true, but can both be false
B) Cannot both be false, but can both be true
C) Must have opposite truth values (one true, one false)
D) May both be true and may both be false
19. According to the classical square of opposition, if the E proposition ('No S are P') is false, what is the truth value of the A proposition ('All S are P')?
A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Contingent
20. The term 'blue' has a wider _______ than the term 'sky blue'.
A) Connotation
B) Denotation
C) Ambiguity
D) Validity
21. Which informal fallacy occurs when an argument relies on premises that are too weak or insufficient to support the conclusion?
A) Hasty generalization
B) False cause
C) Appeal to ignorance
D) Slippery slope
22. The fallacy of 'Begging the Question' (Petitio Principii) is an example of:
A) Informal fallacy of relevance
B) Informal fallacy of ambiguity
C) Informal fallacy of weak induction
D) Informal fallacy of presumption
23. Which figure of the categorical syllogism has the middle term as the subject of both premises?
A) Figure 1
B) Figure 2
C) Figure 3
D) Figure 4
24. Consider the syllogism: No M is P. Some S are M. Therefore, Some S are not P. What is its mood and figure?
A) EAE-1
B) EIO-2
C) EIO-3
D) EIO-4
25. In a categorical syllogism, what is the role of the middle term?
A) It is the subject of the conclusion.
B) It is the predicate of the conclusion.
C) It appears in both premises but not in the conclusion.
D) It appears in the conclusion but not in the premises.
26. The proposition 'All politicians are liars' is an example of which type of categorical proposition?
A) A proposition
B) E proposition
C) I proposition
D) O proposition
27. Which formal fallacy arises when a term distributed in the conclusion is not distributed in its premise?
A) Fallacy of the undistributed middle
B) Fallacy of illicit major
C) Fallacy of illicit minor
D) Fallacy of exclusive premises
28. The argument 'If a person is a doctor, they are intelligent. John is intelligent. Therefore, John is a doctor.' commits which fallacy?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Affirming the consequent
C) Undistributed middle
D) Illicit major
29. In the classical square of opposition, 'Contradictories' are propositions that:
A) Cannot both be true, but can both be false
B) Cannot both be false, but can both be true
C) Must have opposite truth values (one true, one false)
D) May both be true and may both be false
30. If the I proposition ('Some S are P') is true, what is the truth value of the A proposition ('All S are P') in the classical square of opposition?
A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Contingent
31. The term 'mammal' has a wider _______ than the term 'dog'.
A) Connotation
B) Denotation
C) Ambiguity
D) Validity
32. Which informal fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?
A) Straw man
B) Red herring
C) Ad hominem
D) False dichotomy
33. The fallacy of 'Appeal to Authority' (Argumentum ad verecundiam) is an example of:
A) A formal fallacy
B) An informal fallacy of relevance
C) An informal fallacy of ambiguity
D) An informal fallacy of weak induction
34. Which figure of the categorical syllogism has the middle term as the predicate in both premises?
A) Figure 1
B) Figure 2
C) Figure 3
D) Figure 4
35. What is the mood of the syllogism: All M are P. All S are M. Therefore, All S are P?
A) AEE
B) AAA
C) EAE
D) AII
36. In a categorical syllogism, the premise containing the predicate of the conclusion is called the:
A) Minor premise
B) Major premise
C) Conclusion
D) Middle term
37. The proposition 'Some students are not diligent' is an example of which type of categorical proposition?
A) A proposition
B) E proposition
C) I proposition
D) O proposition
38. Which formal fallacy occurs when the middle term is not distributed in either premise of a categorical syllogism?
A) Fallacy of illicit major
B) Fallacy of illicit minor
C) Fallacy of the undistributed middle
D) Fallacy of exclusive premises
39. The argument 'If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet. Therefore, it is raining.' commits which fallacy?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Affirming the consequent
C) Undistributed middle
D) Fallacy of composition
40. What is the relationship between the E proposition ('No S are P') and the I proposition ('Some S are P') in the classical square of opposition?
A) Contradictories
B) Contraries
C) Subcontraries
D) Subalternation
41. According to the classical square of opposition, if the A proposition ('All S are P') is true, what is the truth value of the O proposition ('Some S are not P')?
A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Contingent
42. If a term has a wide denotation, what can be said about its connotation?
A) It will also have a wide connotation.
B) It will have a narrow connotation.
C) It will have a narrow denotation.
D) It will have no connotation.
43. What does the 'denotation' of a term refer to?
A) The emotional associations or suggestions of a term
B) The class of objects or instances to which the term applies
C) The definition of the term
D) The etymology of the term
44. The fallacy of 'Equivocation' is an example of which type of fallacy?
A) Formal fallacy
B) Informal fallacy of relevance
C) Informal fallacy of ambiguity
D) Informal fallacy of presumption
45. Which of the following is an example of a formal fallacy?
A) Ad hominem
B) Straw man
C) Affirming the consequent
D) Hasty generalization
46. In a categorical syllogism, which figure is characterized by the middle term being the subject of the major premise and the predicate of the minor premise?
A) Figure 1
B) Figure 2
C) Figure 3
D) Figure 4
47. What is the mood of a categorical syllogism?
A) The arrangement of the major, minor, and middle terms
B) The sequence of the three types of propositions (A, E, I, O) in the syllogism
C) The number of terms in the syllogism
D) The validity of the syllogism
48. The proposition 'No dogs are cats' is an example of which type of categorical proposition?
A) A proposition
B) E proposition
C) I proposition
D) O proposition
49. Which type of categorical proposition asserts that all members of the subject class are members of the predicate class?
A) A proposition (Universal Affirmative)
B) E proposition (Universal Negative)
C) I proposition (Particular Affirmative)
D) O proposition (Particular Negative)
50. In a categorical proposition, what does the term 'copula' refer to?
A) The subject term
B) The predicate term
C) The word or phrase that links the subject and predicate terms
D) The quantifier
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