Theories of learning - Trial and Error Thorndike, Classical Conditioning Pavlov, Operant Conditioning Skinner, Insight Wolfgang Kohler, Gestalt theory - One Line Questions

1. Wolfgang Köhler's research on chimpanzees suggested that learning could be: — Sudden and insightful, involving the restructuring of the perceptual field.
2. Skinner's concept of 'negative reinforcement' involves: — Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior.
3. A 'variable-interval' schedule of reinforcement in Skinner's Operant Conditioning means that a reward is given: — After a variable amount of time.
4. Skinner's concept of a 'fixed-ratio' schedule of reinforcement means that a reward is given: — After a specific number of responses have been made.
5. Gestalt psychologists, like Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler, argued that perception and learning are not just about individual elements but about: — The organization and structure of the whole
6. Gestalt theory, in the context of learning, emphasizes which of the following principles? — The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
7. The idea that learning is a cognitive process involving the reorganization of experience and the formation of meaningful wholes is central to: — Gestalt Theory
8. According to Gestalt theory, learning is facilitated by: — Understanding the underlying structure and relationships within a problem.
9. A child is rewarded with praise (positive reinforcement) for completing their homework. This is an example of which learning theory? — Operant Conditioning
10. Köhler's experiments showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by understanding the relationships between different elements in their environment, rather than through random trial and error. This supports: — Gestalt Theory / Insight Learning
11. The study of 'insight learning' by Köhler and his chimpanzees primarily challenged which existing learning paradigm? — Trial and Error Learning
12. Thorndike's Law of Effect is considered a precursor to which learning theory? — Operant Conditioning
13. The Gestalt principle of 'continuity' suggests that we tend to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is an example of: — Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
14. Skinner proposed that behavior that is reinforced is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated. This is the core of: — Operant Conditioning
15. Köhler's observation that chimpanzees would stack boxes to reach bananas demonstrated: — Insightful problem-solving and tool use.
16. In Pavlov's Classical Conditioning, what is the term for the response that is naturally elicited by a stimulus? — Unconditioned Response
17. In Pavlov's experiments, the food presented to the dog served as the: — Unconditioned Stimulus
18. What is the term for the learned ability to respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus in Classical Conditioning? — Generalization
19. Which psychologist is most associated with Operant Conditioning, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment? — B.F. Skinner
20. In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the process called when a conditioned response gradually disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus? — Extinction
21. What is the term for the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest in Classical Conditioning? — Spontaneous Recovery
22. Which theory proposes that learning occurs through a series of S-R bonds that are strengthened or weakened based on consequences? — Connectionism (Thorndike)
23. Skinner distinguished between 'reinforcers' and 'punishers'. A 'punisher' is an event that: — Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
24. Thorndike's Law of Effect states that responses that produce a satisfying effect become more likely to occur and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely. This is a core concept of: — Trial and Error Learning
25. Thorndike's initial experiments involved cats in 'puzzle boxes'. The cat learned to escape the box by performing a specific action, illustrating: — Trial and error learning
26. Skinner believed that most human behavior is learned through: — Operant conditioning and environmental consequences
27. Who proposed the Law of Readiness as part of his Trial and Error theory of learning? — Edward Thorndike
28. Which of Thorndike's secondary laws of learning states that if a response is made to a number of different situations, the response will tend to be made only to those situations that are similar to the original one? — Law of Response by Analogy
29. Which of Thorndike's laws states that connections are strengthened when they are accompanied by the satisfying state of affairs resulting from the response? — Law of Effect
30. According to Thorndike, learning is a process of forming connections between stimuli and responses. Which law states that practice strengthens a response, while lack of practice weakens it? — Law of Exercise
31. Which of the following is NOT one of Thorndike's original three primary laws of learning? — Law of Multiple Responses
32. The 'Little Albert' experiment, conducted by Watson and Rayner, is a classic example of: — Classical Conditioning
33. The concept of 'functional autonomy' in learning, suggesting that behaviors can become independent of their original motivation, is most closely related to: — Skinner's Operant Conditioning
34. Skinner's concept of 'shaping' in Operant Conditioning involves: — Gradually reinforcing behaviors that approximate the desired response.
35. What is the process by which a learned response is extinguished in classical conditioning? — Presenting the conditioned stimulus alone repeatedly.
36. Skinner's concept of 'punishment by application' involves: — Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
37. Which Gestalt principle states that elements close to each other will be perceived as a group? — Proximity
38. What is the term for the process in Classical Conditioning where a previously learned response is weakened by the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus? — Extinction
39. The phenomenon where a learned response can be triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called: — Stimulus Generalization
40. Wolfgang Köhler's experiments with chimpanzees, particularly Sultan, demonstrated learning through: — Insightful problem-solving
41. The term 'reinforcement contingency' in Operant Conditioning refers to: — The relationship between a behavior and its consequence.
42. Thorndike's Law of Readiness states that when an individual is ready to act, it is satisfying to do so, and conversely, not to do so is annoying. This is closely related to: — The importance of motivation in learning
43. The Gestalt principle of 'closure' suggests that we tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete by filling in the missing gaps. This demonstrates: — The tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful wholes
44. The idea that learning can occur through observation and imitation, without direct reinforcement or punishment, is most closely associated with: — Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
45. The Gestalt principle of 'Prägnanz' or 'Good Form' suggests that we tend to perceive things in the simplest, most stable, and most meaningful way possible. This relates to: — Gestalt theory of perception and learning
46. The Gestalt principle of 'similarity' suggests that elements that are similar in appearance will be perceived as belonging together. This relates to: — Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
47. The 'Aha!' moment, often described as sudden understanding, is characteristic of which learning theory? — Insight Learning
48. Thorndike's 'Law of Belongingness' suggests that connections are more readily formed when the elements seem to belong together or make sense. — True, this is a key aspect of his theory.
49. What is the neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response called in Pavlov's experiments? — Conditioned Stimulus
50. In Classical Conditioning, if a dog salivates at the sound of a bell after it has been paired with food, the salivation to the bell is: — Conditioned Response
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