Theories of learning - Trial and Error Thorndike, Classical Conditioning Pavlov, Operant Conditioning Skinner, Insight Wolfgang Kohler, Gestalt theory - Question Bank
1. Skinner proposed that behavior that is reinforced is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated. This is the core of:
2. What is the term for the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest in Classical Conditioning?
3. Which of Thorndike's secondary laws of learning states that if a response is made to a number of different situations, the response will tend to be made only to those situations that are similar to the original one?
4. The Gestalt principle of 'continuity' suggests that we tend to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is an example of:
5. Köhler's observation that chimpanzees would stack boxes to reach bananas demonstrated:
6. The term 'reinforcement contingency' in Operant Conditioning refers to:
7. In Pavlov's Classical Conditioning, the bell is initially a neutral stimulus. After conditioning, it becomes the:
8. Which theory proposes that learning occurs through a series of S-R bonds that are strengthened or weakened based on consequences?
9. The idea that learning is a cognitive process involving the reorganization of experience and the formation of meaningful wholes is central to:
10. Skinner's concept of 'punishment by application' involves:
11. The 'Little Albert' experiment, conducted by Watson and Rayner, is a classic example of:
12. Which of Thorndike's laws states that connections are strengthened when they are accompanied by the satisfying state of affairs resulting from the response?
13. The Gestalt principle of 'similarity' suggests that elements that are similar in appearance will be perceived as belonging together. This relates to:
14. A 'variable-interval' schedule of reinforcement in Skinner's Operant Conditioning means that a reward is given:
15. What is the process by which a learned response is extinguished in classical conditioning?
16. Thorndike's Law of Effect is considered a precursor to which learning theory?
17. According to Gestalt theory, learning is facilitated by:
18. Wolfgang Köhler's research on chimpanzees suggested that learning could be:
19. The phenomenon where a learned response can be triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called:
20. Skinner believed that most human behavior is learned through:
21. In Pavlov's experiments, the food presented to the dog served as the:
22. Which of the following is NOT one of Thorndike's original three primary laws of learning?
23. The idea that learning can occur through observation and imitation, without direct reinforcement or punishment, is most closely associated with:
24. Skinner's concept of a 'fixed-ratio' schedule of reinforcement means that a reward is given:
25. What is the term for the process in Classical Conditioning where a previously learned response is weakened by the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
26. Thorndike's Law of Readiness states that when an individual is ready to act, it is satisfying to do so, and conversely, not to do so is annoying. This is closely related to:
27. The Gestalt principle of 'closure' suggests that we tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete by filling in the missing gaps. This demonstrates:
28. The study of 'insight learning' by Köhler and his chimpanzees primarily challenged which existing learning paradigm?
29. Skinner's concept of 'negative reinforcement' involves:
30. In Classical Conditioning, if a dog salivates at the sound of a bell after it has been paired with food, the salivation to the bell is:
31. Thorndike's initial experiments involved cats in 'puzzle boxes'. The cat learned to escape the box by performing a specific action, illustrating:
32. Which Gestalt principle states that elements close to each other will be perceived as a group?
33. The concept of 'functional autonomy' in learning, suggesting that behaviors can become independent of their original motivation, is most closely related to:
34. Skinner distinguished between 'reinforcers' and 'punishers'. A 'punisher' is an event that:
35. What is the term for the learned ability to respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus in Classical Conditioning?
36. Thorndike's 'Law of Belongingness' suggests that connections are more readily formed when the elements seem to belong together or make sense.
37. Gestalt psychologists, like Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler, argued that perception and learning are not just about individual elements but about:
38. Köhler's experiments showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by understanding the relationships between different elements in their environment, rather than through random trial and error. This supports:
39. A child is rewarded with praise (positive reinforcement) for completing their homework. This is an example of which learning theory?
40. In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the process called when a conditioned response gradually disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
41. According to Thorndike, learning is a process of forming connections between stimuli and responses. Which law states that practice strengthens a response, while lack of practice weakens it?
42. The Gestalt principle of 'Prägnanz' or 'Good Form' suggests that we tend to perceive things in the simplest, most stable, and most meaningful way possible. This relates to:
43. Wolfgang Köhler's experiments with chimpanzees, particularly Sultan, demonstrated learning through:
44. Skinner's concept of 'shaping' in Operant Conditioning involves:
45. What is the neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response called in Pavlov's experiments?
46. Thorndike's Law of Effect states that responses that produce a satisfying effect become more likely to occur and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely. This is a core concept of:
47. Gestalt theory, in the context of learning, emphasizes which of the following principles?
48. The 'Aha!' moment, often described as sudden understanding, is characteristic of which learning theory?
49. Which psychologist is most associated with Operant Conditioning, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment?
50. In Pavlov's Classical Conditioning, what is the term for the response that is naturally elicited by a stimulus?