From the document: “Essential aspects of knowledge paradigms: Ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Paradigms of Western Psychology: Positivism, Post-Positivism, Critical perspective, Social Constructionism, Existential Phenomenology, and Co-operative Enquiry.” - Question Bank
1. The notion that 'meaning is negotiated and collectively created' is a core principle of:
2. Which paradigm views research as a political act aimed at social transformation?
3. In the context of Western Psychology, 'ontology' refers to:
4. The emphasis on 'lived experience' and 'intentionality' is fundamental to:
5. Which of the following best describes the ontological position of Critical Perspective?
6. The methodology of 'grounded theory' can be compatible with which of the following paradigms?
7. The concept of 'authenticity' is a key concern in which psychological paradigm?
8. Which paradigm is concerned with the 'taken-for-granted' assumptions that shape our understanding of the world?
9. The idea that concepts like 'mental illness' are categories created by society rather than inherent conditions is a viewpoint of:
10. What is the epistemological stance of Positivism regarding the role of values in research?
11. The focus on individual consciousness and subjective awareness is a hallmark of:
12. Which paradigm questions the neutrality of research and seeks to emancipate oppressed groups?
13. In Co-operative Enquiry, the research process is iterative and involves:
14. The idea that 'there are no facts, only interpretations' is most closely aligned with:
15. A researcher investigating how media representations shape public opinion about marginalized groups is likely using a:
16. What is the primary ontological assumption of Post-positivism?
17. The concept of 'agency' and the capacity for self-determination are central themes in:
18. Which paradigm is most likely to be critical of the application of scientific methods to human experience, arguing it dehumanizes individuals?
19. Co-operative Enquiry emphasizes:
20. The ontological position that there are multiple realities, perceived differently by different individuals or groups, is characteristic of:
21. Which paradigm views 'truth' as contingent and context-dependent, shaped by historical and cultural factors?
22. The belief that scientific knowledge progresses through the falsification of hypotheses is central to:
23. A researcher using interviews to explore how individuals make sense of their traumatic experiences is likely drawing from:
24. What is the primary epistemological challenge for a positivist researcher?
25. The concept of 'reflexivity' – acknowledging the researcher's own positionality and influence – is particularly important in which paradigms?
26. Which paradigm is most concerned with understanding the 'lifeworld' (Lebenswelt) of individuals?
27. The idea that 'knowledge is power' is a concept often explored within the:
28. A researcher aiming to establish universal laws of behavior, similar to natural sciences, aligns with which paradigm?
29. In the context of Western Psychology, 'methodology' refers to:
30. The method of 'phenomenological reduction' (epoché) is a key technique in:
31. Which paradigm emphasizes the researcher's role in challenging oppressive structures and advocating for social change?
32. What is the ontological stance of Social Constructionism regarding social phenomena like 'gender' or 'race'?
33. The search for meaning, authenticity, and the human condition are primary concerns within:
34. The concept of 'intersubjectivity' is particularly relevant in which paradigm, referring to shared understanding between individuals?
35. Which paradigm is most likely to employ methods like discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis to examine language and power?
36. A critical perspective researcher might ask:
37. The idea that 'reality is socially constructed' is central to which paradigm?
38. What is a key epistemological assumption of Positivism?
39. In Co-operative Enquiry, research is typically conducted:
40. Co-operative Enquiry is a research methodology often associated with which paradigm?
41. Which of the following is a core tenet of Existential Phenomenology?
42. Existential Phenomenology, as a paradigm, prioritizes:
43. Social Constructionism posits that reality is:
44. A researcher studying how societal norms influence perceptions of mental illness is likely operating from which paradigm?
45. Which paradigm is characterized by its focus on power relations, social inequalities, and the critique of dominant ideologies?
46. Post-positivism, while acknowledging the limitations of pure objectivity, still maintains that:
47. A positivist approach in psychology typically emphasizes:
48. Which paradigm assumes that there is an objective reality that can be observed, measured, and understood independently of the observer?
49. Methodology in research refers to:
50. Which branch of philosophy deals with the theory of knowledge, its sources, validity, and limitations?