Life table, migration and related demographic concepts. - Question Bank

1. The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants over a period is known as:
A) Natural increase
B) Net migration
C) Population density
D) Population growth rate
2. What is 'aging in place'?
A) The process of a population getting younger.
B) The ability of older adults to live independently in their own homes and communities for as long as possible.
C) The migration of young people to urban areas.
D) The decline in birth rates.
3. Which of these is NOT typically considered a factor influencing mortality rates?
A) Access to healthcare
B) Sanitation and hygiene
C) Fertility rates
D) Prevalence of diseases
4. The concept of 'carrying capacity' in population studies refers to:
A) The maximum number of people a region can support indefinitely with available resources.
B) The rate at which a population migrates.
C) The average lifespan of individuals in a population.
D) The total fertility rate of a population.
5. What is 'brain drain'?
A) The emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from a particular country.
B) The influx of unskilled labor into a country.
C) The process of learning new skills in a foreign country.
D) The loss of population due to natural disasters.
6. Which demographic concept measures the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year?
A) Crude death rate
B) Maternal mortality rate
C) Infant mortality rate
D) Life expectancy
7. What is 'remittance' in the context of migration?
A) The process of applying for a visa.
B) The money sent by migrants back to their families in their home country.
C) The act of returning to one's country of origin.
D) The number of people migrating to a new country.
8. A population pyramid with a broad base and a narrow top typically indicates:
A) A rapidly growing population with high birth rates and high death rates.
B) A stable population with low birth rates and low death rates.
C) A rapidly growing population with high birth rates and declining death rates.
D) A declining population with low birth rates.
9. A 'population pyramid' is a graphical representation that shows:
A) The total population size over time.
B) The distribution of various age groups in a population, typically divided by sex.
C) The migration rates between countries.
D) The average life expectancy at different ages.
10. What does the 'Lexis diagram' visually represent?
A) The migration patterns of a population over time.
B) The relationship between birth rates and death rates.
C) The progression of a population cohort through age and time.
D) The distribution of a population by age and sex.
11. The 'natural increase' of a population refers to the difference between:
A) Immigration and emigration.
B) Births and deaths.
C) The working-age population and the dependent population.
D) The total population and the urban population.
12. What is the 'crude death rate'?
A) The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
B) The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
C) The rate at which the population is aging.
D) The mortality rate of infants.
13. What is the 'crude birth rate'?
A) The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
B) The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
C) The average number of children born to women.
D) The number of births in a specific age group.
14. A TFR of approximately 2.1 children per woman is generally considered the 'replacement level' fertility, meaning:
A) The population will grow rapidly.
B) The population will decline.
C) The population will eventually stabilize, with each generation replacing the previous one.
D) The death rate will exceed the birth rate.
15. What is the 'total fertility rate' (TFR)?
A) The average number of children born to women during their reproductive years.
B) The number of births per 1,000 people in a year.
C) The maximum number of children a woman can have.
D) The number of children who survive to age 5.
16. The 'sex ratio' at birth typically favors:
A) Females
B) Males
C) An equal number of males and females
D) It varies significantly by region.
17. What is 'population momentum'?
A) The tendency for population size to continue growing even after fertility rates have fallen to replacement level, due to a large young population.
B) The rapid increase in population due to high birth rates.
C) The decline in population due to high death rates.
D) The effect of migration on population size.
18. A high dependency ratio can place a strain on a country's resources because:
A) There are fewer young people to support the elderly.
B) A larger proportion of the population is not in the workforce and relies on the working population.
C) The birth rate is exceptionally low.
D) The death rate is exceptionally high.
19. What is the 'dependency ratio'?
A) The ratio of employed to unemployed individuals.
B) The ratio of the economically dependent population (children and elderly) to the working-age population.
C) The ratio of immigrants to emigrants.
D) The ratio of birth rates to death rates.
20. Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model typically shows:
A) High birth rates and high death rates.
B) Rapid population growth.
C) Low birth rates and low death rates, resulting in slow or zero population growth.
D) A significant increase in death rates.
21. During Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model, birth rates begin to fall due to factors like:
A) Improved public health and sanitation.
B) Increased child mortality.
C) Urbanization, increased education, and access to contraception.
D) Widespread famine and disease.
22. Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by a rapid decline in death rates while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
23. In the first stage of the Demographic Transition Model, both birth rates and death rates are typically:
A) Low and declining.
B) High and fluctuating.
C) Low and stable.
D) High and declining.
24. The 'Demographic Transition Model' describes the historical shift in population growth rates from high to low, typically associated with:
A) Increased birth rates and decreased death rates.
B) Decreased birth rates and increased death rates.
C) Decreased birth rates and decreased death rates.
D) Increased birth rates and increased death rates.
25. An 'internally displaced person' (IDP) is someone who:
A) Has crossed an international border seeking asylum.
B) Has been forced to flee their home but remains within their country's borders.
C) Has moved to another country for economic reasons.
D) Is a tourist who has overstayed their visa.
26. What is a refugee?
A) A person who moves internally within their country for economic reasons.
B) A person who moves to another country for employment opportunities.
C) A person who is outside their country of nationality because of a well-founded fear of persecution and is unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
D) A person who temporarily moves for tourism.
27. Forced migration occurs when people are compelled to leave their homes due to:
A) Seeking better employment.
B) Pursuing higher education.
C) Threats to life, such as war, persecution, or natural disasters.
D) Family reunification.
28. Voluntary migration is driven by:
A) Forced displacement
B) Natural disasters
C) Personal choice and perceived benefits
D) Political persecution
29. Which of the following is considered a 'pull factor' for migration?
A) Famine or drought in the origin country.
B) Lack of job opportunities in the origin country.
C) Attractive job prospects in the destination country.
D) Political instability in the origin country.
30. Which of the following is considered a 'push factor' for migration?
A) Higher wages in the destination country.
B) Better educational opportunities in the destination country.
C) War or political persecution in the origin country.
D) Family reunification in the destination country.
31. What is the net migration rate?
A) The total number of immigrants minus the total number of emigrants.
B) The difference between births and deaths in a population.
C) The number of people moving within a country.
D) The rate of population growth due to natural increase.
32. An 'immigrant' is a person who:
A) Leaves a country to settle elsewhere.
B) Enters a country to settle.
C) Moves within their own country.
D) Is temporarily visiting another country.
33. An 'emigrant' is a person who:
A) Enters a country to settle.
B) Leaves a country to settle elsewhere.
C) Moves within their own country.
D) Returns to their country of origin.
34. Internal migration refers to:
A) Migration between countries.
B) Movement of people within the same country.
C) Temporary relocation for a short period.
D) Forced displacement due to natural disasters.
35. Which of the following is a factor that typically drives international migration?
A) Increased local job opportunities.
B) Political stability and freedom.
C) Poverty and lack of economic opportunities in the origin country.
D) Access to universal healthcare in the origin country.
36. What is migration?
A) The birth rate of a population.
B) The death rate of a population.
C) The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, temporarily or permanently.
D) The average number of children per woman.
37. A cohort life table tracks a specific group of individuals born in the same year (a cohort) over their entire lifespan. This provides a more accurate picture of mortality trends but is:
A) Easier to construct than a period life table.
B) Less affected by short-term fluctuations in mortality.
C) Available immediately after the cohort's birth.
D) Time-consuming and requires long-term data collection.
38. Which type of life table is constructed using data from a single point in time, typically a census?
A) Cohort life table
B) Period life table
C) Synthetic life table
D) Lexis diagram
39. What does 'px' represent in a life table?
A) The probability of dying between age x and age x+1.
B) The number of survivors at age x.
C) The probability of surviving from age x to age x+1.
D) The total person-years lived by a cohort.
40. The probability of dying between age x and age x+1, given survival to age x, is represented by which life table function?
A) qx
B) px
C) lx
D) dx
41. A stationary population is a hypothetical population in which the number of births and deaths are constant over time. This concept is often used in the context of:
A) Migration analysis
B) Life table construction
C) Population pyramids
D) Age-specific fertility rates
42. What is the formula for calculating life expectancy at age x (ex) from a life table?
A) Tx / lx
B) Lx / dx
C) lx / dx
D) Tx / Lx
43. Which life table function is the sum of person-years lived above age x?
A) lx
B) dx
C) Lx
D) Tx
44. What does 'Lx' represent in a life table?
A) The number of deaths between age x and x+1.
B) The number of survivors at age x.
C) The total number of person-years lived between age x and age x+1.
D) The probability of dying between age x and x+1.
45. The life expectancy at birth (e0) is calculated using which life table function?
A) lx
B) dx
C) Lx
D) Tx
46. What does 'lx' denote in a life table, assuming a radix of 100,000?
A) The number of deaths between age 0 and age 1.
B) The number of survivors at the beginning of age interval x.
C) The total number of person-years lived by a cohort.
D) The life expectancy at age x.
47. In a life table, what does the term 'dx' represent?
A) The number of individuals surviving to age x.
B) The number of deaths occurring between age x and age x+1.
C) The probability of surviving from age x to age x+1.
D) The total population at age x.
48. What is the primary purpose of a life table in demography?
A) To track the migration patterns of a population.
B) To measure fertility rates across different age groups.
C) To summarize mortality conditions and estimate life expectancy.
D) To analyze the economic impact of population growth.
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