Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure and differences - Question Bank

1. Which of the following is a defining difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their genetic material?
A) Prokaryotes have DNA; eukaryotes have RNA.
B) Eukaryotic DNA is circular; prokaryotic DNA is linear.
C) Prokaryotic DNA is not enclosed by a membrane; eukaryotic DNA is enclosed within a nucleus.
D) Prokaryotes have histones; eukaryotes do not.
2. The presence of a cell wall is a characteristic of:
A) Animal cells and prokaryotic cells
B) Plant cells, fungal cells, and most prokaryotic cells
C) Animal cells and eukaryotic cells
D) Only prokaryotic cells
3. Which prokaryotic structure is analogous to the mitochondrial inner membrane in terms of function (electron transport and ATP synthesis)?
A) Nucleoid
B) Ribosome
C) Plasma membrane
D) Cell wall
4. The endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Lysosomes
D) Mitochondria
5. Which statement accurately describes the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
A) It is absent in prokaryotes.
B) It contains the cell's genetic material organized into linear chromosomes.
C) It is the site of protein synthesis.
D) It lacks a membrane.
6. The function of the cell membrane in prokaryotes includes:
A) Housing the genetic material
B) Site of ribosome synthesis
C) Site of ATP synthesis and transport of substances
D) Storage of reserve food materials
7. Which of the following is a functional difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes?
A) Rough ER synthesizes lipids; smooth ER synthesizes proteins.
B) Smooth ER is involved in protein synthesis; rough ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
C) Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis/modification; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
D) Both have the same functions.
8. The large central vacuole is a prominent feature of:
A) Animal cells
B) Prokaryotic cells
C) Mature plant cells
D) Fungal cells
9. Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic flagella and cilia?
A) Simple protein structure
B) Lack of internal microtubules
C) Presence of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
D) Direct connection to the cytoplasm
10. The term 'genome' in prokaryotes typically refers to:
A) Multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus
B) A single circular chromosome in the nucleoid and plasmids
C) Linear chromosomes complexed with histones
D) Organelles containing DNA
11. Which organelle is responsible for detoxification of harmful substances in eukaryotic cells?
A) Lysosome
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Peroxisome
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
12. Which component is common to the cell envelope of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
A) Outer membrane
B) Peptidoglycan layer
C) Capsule
D) Plasma membrane
13. The cell wall of plants is primarily made of:
A) Chitin
B) Peptidoglycan
C) Cellulose
D) Lignin
14. Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic DNA replication?
A) Occurs in the nucleus
B) Involves multiple origins of replication
C) Is semi-conservative and involves a single origin of replication
D) Requires a spindle apparatus
15. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is:
A) Generating ATP
B) Synthesizing proteins
C) Modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules
D) Degrading cellular waste
16. Which structure in eukaryotic cells is responsible for maintaining cell shape, enabling cellular movement, and intracellular transport?
A) Cell wall
B) Cytoskeleton
C) Plasma membrane
D) Vacuole
17. The process of transcription and translation occurs simultaneously in:
A) Eukaryotic cells
B) Prokaryotic cells
C) Both
D) Neither
18. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic animal cells that is absent in plant cells and prokaryotic cells?
A) Cell wall
B) Chloroplasts
C) Centrioles (in most)
D) Large central vacuole
19. The term 'organelle' typically refers to membrane-bound structures within the cytoplasm of:
A) Prokaryotic cells
B) Eukaryotic cells
C) Both
D) Neither
20. In prokaryotes, the cell membrane is the site for:
A) Photosynthesis (in some)
B) Aerobic respiration (in some)
C) Both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration (in some)
D) None of the above
21. Which of the following is a function of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
A) ATP synthesis
B) Packaging of proteins and lipids
C) Synthesis of proteins and lipids
D) Waste breakdown
22. The genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is primarily located in the:
A) Cytoplasm
B) Nucleus
C) Ribosomes
D) Golgi apparatus
23. Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles involved in metabolic processes, including the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification, and are found in:
A) Prokaryotes
B) Eukaryotes
C) Both
D) Neither
24. The term 'mesosome' is associated with invaginations of the plasma membrane in:
A) Eukaryotic cells
B) Prokaryotic cells
C) Plant cells
D) Animal cells
25. Which of the following is a unique feature of the cell wall in fungi?
A) Peptidoglycan
B) Cellulose
C) Chitin
D) Murein
26. Microtubules and microfilaments are components of the cytoskeleton found in:
A) Prokaryotes
B) Eukaryotes
C) Both
D) Neither
27. The function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells is:
A) DNA replication
B) Ribosome synthesis
C) Protein modification
D) Lipid synthesis
28. Which statement correctly differentiates the cell membranes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A) Eukaryotic membranes contain sterols; prokaryotic membranes generally do not.
B) Prokaryotic membranes contain sterols; eukaryotic membranes generally do not.
C) Both have sterols in their plasma membranes.
D) Neither have sterols in their plasma membranes.
29. The nuclear envelope, a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, is a defining characteristic of:
A) Prokaryotes
B) Eukaryotes
C) Archaea
D) Viruses
30. The ergastic substances, which are reserve materials, are found in the cytoplasm of:
A) Prokaryotic cells
B) Eukaryotic cells
C) Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
D) Only bacterial cells
31. Which of the following is a feature unique to eukaryotic plant cells that is absent in animal cells and prokaryotic cells?
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
C) Cellulose cell wall
D) Chloroplasts
32. A key difference in cell division between most prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes:
A) Undergo mitosis and meiosis.
B) Divide by binary fission.
C) Have a spindle apparatus.
D) Form a cell plate during cytokinesis.
33. The presence of flagella in prokaryotes differs from eukaryotes in that prokaryotic flagella:
A) Are made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement.
B) Are covered by a plasma membrane extension.
C) Are structurally simpler and not covered by plasma membrane.
D) Exhibit whip-like or undulating movements.
34. Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is primarily involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Lysosome
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Peroxisome
35. The cytoskeleton, providing structural support and facilitating movement, is present in:
A) Prokaryotic cells only
B) Eukaryotic cells only
C) Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
D) Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic cells
36. The process of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria occurs in:
A) Chloroplasts
B) Thylakoid membranes within the cytoplasm
C) The nucleoid region
D) Mitochondria
37. Which statement best describes the difference in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A) Prokaryotic ribosomes are larger (80S) than eukaryotic ribosomes (70S).
B) Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger (80S) than prokaryotic ribosomes (70S).
C) Both have 70S ribosomes.
D) Both have 80S ribosomes.
38. Plasmids, which are small, circular DNA molecules, are commonly found in:
A) Eukaryotic cells
B) Prokaryotic cells
C) Plant cells only
D) Animal cells only
39. The site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells is the:
A) Nucleus
B) Endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Mitochondrion
40. Which of the following organelles is involved in the breakdown of waste materials and cellular debris in eukaryotic cells?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Lysosome
C) Peroxisome
D) Vacuole
41. Which structure is present in the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria but absent in Gram-positive bacteria?
A) Peptidoglycan layer
B) Outer membrane
C) Teichoic acids
D) Plasma membrane
42. The plasma membrane in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes performs which function?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Energy production
C) Selective permeability and transport
D) DNA replication
43. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into:
A) A single circular chromosome
B) Plasmids
C) Multiple linear chromosomes complexed with histones
D) A nucleoid region
44. Which of the following is NOT a membrane-bound organelle?
A) Mitochondrion
B) Chloroplast
C) Lysosome
D) Ribosome
45. The cell wall of bacteria is primarily composed of:
A) Cellulose
B) Chitin
C) Peptidoglycan
D) Lignin
46. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Endoplasmic reticulum
C) Ribosome
D) Mitochondrion
47. The genetic material in prokaryotes is typically found in a region called the:
A) Nucleolus
B) Nucleoid
C) Centrosome
D) Lysosome
48. Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from prokaryotic cells by the presence of:
A) Ribosomes
B) A cell wall (in some)
C) A nuclear envelope
D) Genetic material in the cytoplasm
49. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells?
A) Presence of a well-defined nucleus
B) Linear chromosomes
C) Absence of membrane-bound organelles
D) Presence of multiple linear chromosomes
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