Cell structure and basic plant biology - One Line Questions

1. Which plant hormone promotes cell division and growth, particularly in meristematic tissues? — Cytokinin
2. In plant cells, the process of photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of: — Glucose
3. Which plant hormone is primarily involved in promoting fruit ripening and senescence? — Ethylene
4. What is the pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis? — Chlorophyll
5. What is the term for the rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides structural support and protection? — Cell wall
6. Which structure controls the passage of substances into and out of the animal cell? — Cell membrane
7. Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical plant cell? — Centriole
8. The process of cell growth and differentiation that leads to the formation of specialized tissues and organs is known as: — Development
9. Which type of plastid is responsible for storing pigments like carotenoids, giving flowers and fruits their colors? — Chromoplast
10. The outermost layer of cells in a plant stem or root that provides protection is the: — Epidermis
11. The semi-fluid matrix found inside the nucleus, containing chromatin and the nucleolus, is called: — Nucleoplasm
12. What is the term for the rigid, protective outer layer of a plant cell that is external to the cell membrane? — Cell wall
13. What are cells that are undifferentiated and capable of dividing to form specialized cells called? — Meristematic cells
14. What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus? — Ribosome synthesis
15. What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell? — Protein synthesis
16. The bending of a plant towards a light source is known as phototropism, primarily mediated by which plant hormone? — Auxin
17. Which organelle contains the cell's genetic material (DNA)? — Nucleus
18. The network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis within the cytoplasm is called: — Endoplasmic Reticulum
19. What is the term for the loss of water from plant leaves through the stomata? — Transpiration
20. What is the main component of the plant cell wall? — Cellulose
21. Which organelle is involved in breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances in plant cells? — Peroxisome
22. What is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of somatic cells? — Mitosis
23. Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells? — Chloroplast
24. What is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles? — Cytoplasm
25. Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell? — Mitochondrion
26. Cells that provide mechanical support to growing stems and leaves, and are typically elongated with thickened corners, belong to which tissue type? — Collenchyma
27. What are the dead cells with thickened, lignified secondary walls that provide strength and support to mature plant parts? — Sclerenchyma
28. Which plant tissue is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant? — Xylem
29. What is the primary function of root hairs in plants? — Absorption of water and minerals
30. What is the collective term for all the chemical processes that occur within a living cell? — Metabolism
31. The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the presence of oxygen is called: — Aerobic respiration
32. The ability of a plant cell to retain its shape and volume due to the presence of water pressing against the cell wall is known as: — Turgor pressure
33. Which plant tissue is responsible for secondary growth, leading to an increase in the diameter of stems and roots? — Vascular cambium and cork cambium
34. What is the function of the large central vacuole in a mature plant cell? — Maintaining turgor pressure
35. Which component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for forming the barrier that separates the cell's internal environment from the external environment? — Phospholipids
36. The process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, primarily through their leaves, is called: — Transpiration
37. Which cell organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles? — Golgi apparatus
38. What are the structures within plant cells that store starch granules? — Amyloplasts
39. What is the genetic material found within the nucleus of a plant cell? — DNA
40. Which plant organ is the main site for photosynthesis? — Leaf
41. The vascular bundles containing xylem and phloem are found in which part of the plant? — Stem and Leaves
42. Which type of plant cells are typically thin-walled, living at maturity, and involved in storage and photosynthesis? — Parenchyma
43. Which part of a plant is typically responsible for anchoring it in the soil and absorbing water? — Root
44. Which part of the chloroplast is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? — Thylakoid membranes
45. The Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide is fixed into sugars, occurs in which part of the chloroplast? — Stroma
46. What is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms? — Cell
47. What are the small, membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes called? — Lysosomes
48. In plant cells, plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing for: — Communication and transport
49. What is the primary function of sieve tubes in the phloem? — Transport of sugars
50. The tissue responsible for transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant is: — Phloem
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