Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies, vaccines - One Line Questions

1. Primary immunodeficiencies are typically: — Caused by genetic defects
2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of: — Beta cells in the pancreas
3. Immunodeficiency disorders are characterized by: — A weakened or absent immune response
4. Which of the following is a classic example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction? — Allergic contact dermatitis
5. Allergies are a manifestation of an overactive immune response to otherwise harmless substances called: — Allergens
6. Contact dermatitis, such as that caused by poison ivy, is primarily mediated by which type of immune cell? — Helper T cells (Th1)
7. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which primarily targets: — T helper cells (CD4+ T cells)
8. Which component of the immune system is primarily targeted and destroyed by HIV? — CD4+ T cells
9. Which of the following is a secondary immunodeficiency caused by a viral infection? — HIV/AIDS
10. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by: — Deficiency in both B and T lymphocytes
11. Which of the following is a common secondary immunodeficiency disorder? — Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
12. Vaccines primarily work by: — Stimulating the immune system to develop memory
13. Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)? — Normal antibody levels
14. Autoimmunity is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks: — The body's own tissues
15. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type II hypersensitivity reactions? — Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
16. Which of the following is an autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism? — Graves' disease
17. Inactivated vaccines contain microorganisms that have been killed by: — Heat or chemicals
18. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are primarily mediated by: — Immune complexes of antigens and antibodies
19. The Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test elicits a positive reaction due to the activation of which type of immune cells? — Memory T cells
20. Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions? — IgE
21. The development of antibodies against self-antigens is a key feature of: — Autoimmunity
22. Which type of vaccine contains weakened, but still living, microorganisms? — Live-attenuated vaccines
23. Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to an infectious disease, making its spread from person to person unlikely. This is often achieved through: — Widespread vaccination
24. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that damages the: — Myelin sheath of nerve cells
25. The mechanism of action for a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, like some COVID-19 vaccines, involves: — Instructing host cells to produce a viral antigen
26. The polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk is an example of which type? — Inactivated
27. The MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) is an example of a: — Live-attenuated vaccine
28. The Hepatitis B vaccine is a common example of a: — Subunit vaccine
29. The tetanus and diphtheria vaccines (DTaP) are examples of: — Toxoid vaccines
30. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and brain. It is characterized by the production of autoantibodies against: — Nuclear antigens (e.g., DNA, histones)
31. Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of autoimmunity? — Foreign antigen neutralization
32. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that primarily targets: — Thyroid follicular cells
33. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dysplasia (APECED) syndrome is associated with mutations in the AIRE gene, leading to a failure of: — Central tolerance
34. Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to: — Enhance the immune response
35. The presence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) is a hallmark of which autoimmune disease? — Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
36. A deficiency in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) leads to which primary immunodeficiency disorder? — X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
37. Which type of vaccine uses a harmless vector, such as an adenovirus, to deliver genetic material encoding a pathogen's antigen? — Viral vector vaccine
38. A patient presents with a history of recurrent bacterial infections, low levels of immunoglobulins, and is diagnosed with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. This is a primary immunodeficiency affecting: — B cells and antibody production
39. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease primarily affecting: — The joints
40. Subunit vaccines contain only specific pieces of a pathogen, such as: — Antigens (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides)
41. Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening form of which hypersensitivity reaction? — Type I
42. Goodpasture syndrome, characterized by antibodies against basement membrane antigens in the lungs and kidneys, is an example of which hypersensitivity type? — Type II
43. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is T-cell mediated and typically occurs 24-72 hours after exposure to an antigen? — Type IV
44. The Mantoux test (PPD skin test) for tuberculosis is a diagnostic example of which hypersensitivity reaction? — Type IV
45. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage? — Type III
46. A patient with a history of severe reactions to bee stings is advised to carry an epinephrine auto-injector. Epinephrine counteracts the effects of mediators released during which type of hypersensitivity? — Type I
47. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is typically mediated by IgE antibodies and involves mast cell degranulation? — Type I (Immediate)
48. Serum sickness, a systemic reaction following administration of foreign serum, is a classic example of: — Type III hypersensitivity
49. Toxoid vaccines are made from: — Inactivated toxins produced by bacteria
50. A deficiency in adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a cause of: — Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
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