NEET UG - Human health and diseases - common pathogens, basic concepts of immunity innate and acquired immunity Online Test (MCQ Quiz)

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

A) It is specific to the pathogen encountered. B) It develops after exposure to a pathogen. C) It involves genetically determined barriers and general responses. D) It relies on memory cells for rapid response.

2. Which type of cell is primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A) B-lymphocytes B) Plasma cells C) T-lymphocytes D) Mast cells

3. Antibodies are produced by which type of immune cell?

A) T-helper cells B) Cytotoxic T-cells C) B-cells (differentiated into plasma cells) D) Macrophages

4. Which of the following is an example of an antigen?

A) An antibody B) A vaccine C) A foreign protein on a pathogen D) A cytokine

5. What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?

A) To produce antibodies B) To directly kill virus-infected cells C) To engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis) D) To regulate the activity of B-cells

6. Acquired immunity is also known as:

A) Innate immunity B) Adaptive immunity C) Non-specific immunity D) Cellular immunity

7. Which of these is a physical barrier in innate immunity?

A) Lysozyme in tears B) Fever C) Inflammation D) Skin

8. Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?

A) Innate immunity B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Humoral immunity D) Passive immunity

9. What is the function of memory cells in acquired immunity?

A) To initiate the primary immune response. B) To provide a faster and stronger secondary response upon re-exposure. C) To present antigens to B-cells. D) To suppress the immune response.

10. Which pathogen causes malaria?

A) Streptococcus pneumoniae B) Plasmodium falciparum C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis D) HIV

11. Which disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi?

A) Pneumonia B) Tuberculosis C) Typhoid fever D) Diphtheria

12. Which virus is responsible for AIDS?

A) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) B) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) C) Influenza Virus D) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

13. What is the main target of HIV in the human body?

A) Red blood cells B) Liver cells C) Helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cells) D) Neurons

14. Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by species of:

A) Candida B) Aspergillus C) Microsporum D) Penicillium

15. Which of the following is a common bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia?

A) Plasmodium vivax B) Streptococcus pneumoniae C) Entamoeba histolytica D) Rhizopus

16. The 'second line of defense' in innate immunity includes:

A) Skin and mucous membranes B) Phagocytic cells and inflammation C) Antibodies and memory cells D) Vaccination

17. Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in:

A) Directly killing pathogens. B) Regulating immune responses. C) Forming antibodies. D) Blocking viral entry into cells.

18. The ability of the body to resist disease is called:

A) Pathogenesis B) Immunity C) Inflammation D) Allergy

19. Passive immunity is acquired when:

A) An individual is vaccinated. B) An individual recovers from a disease. C) Antibodies are transferred from one individual to another. D) T-cells are activated.

20. Which component of innate immunity provides a chemical barrier?

A) Phagocytes B) Skin C) Lysozyme D) Fever

21. Which type of T-cell is responsible for killing infected cells directly?

A) Helper T-cell B) Regulatory T-cell C) Cytotoxic T-cell D) Memory T-cell

22. A person is infected with a virus. Which type of immune response would be most effective in clearing the infection?

A) Antibody production (humoral immunity) B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Inflammatory response D) Phagocytosis by neutrophils

23. Which of the following is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis?

A) Ascaris lumbricoides B) Entamoeba histolytica C) Wuchereria bancrofti D) Taenia solium

24. Which disease is characterized by the formation of tubercles in the lungs?

A) Malaria B) Typhoid C) Tuberculosis D) Diphtheria

25. The 'primary response' in acquired immunity is:

A) Rapid and vigorous upon first exposure. B) Slow and less intense upon first exposure. C) Rapid and vigorous upon subsequent exposures. D) Mediated solely by B-cells.

26. Which of the following is NOT a type of immune cell?

A) Lymphocyte B) Neutrophil C) Erythrocyte D) Macrophage

27. What is the role of Helper T-cells (CD4+ cells) in acquired immunity?

A) To directly kill infected cells. B) To suppress the immune response. C) To activate B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells. D) To engulf pathogens.

28. Which of the following is a disease caused by a helminth?

A) Chickenpox B) Filariasis (Elephantiasis) C) Cholera D) Poliomyelitis

29. What is the term for a substance that induces an immune response?

A) Antibody B) Antigen C) Cytokine D) Phagocyte

30. Which of the following is a cellular barrier in innate immunity?

A) Acidic pH of the stomach B) Inflammation C) Lysozyme D) Phagocytic cells

31. Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to child across the placenta?

A) Active innate immunity B) Active acquired immunity C) Passive acquired immunity D) Cell-mediated acquired immunity

32. Which pathogen causes common cold?

A) Streptococcus pyogenes B) Rhinoviruses C) Influenza virus D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

33. Which organ is primarily affected by the Hepatitis B virus?

A) Kidneys B) Lungs C) Liver D) Brain

34. Which of the following is a bacterial disease that affects the respiratory system and is characterized by a greyish-white membrane in the throat?

A) Tuberculosis B) Pneumonia C) Diphtheria D) Whooping cough

35. The adaptive immune system is characterized by:

A) General responses and physical barriers. B) Specificity, memory, and diversity. C) Rapid and immediate action. D) Lack of involvement of lymphocytes.

36. Which immune cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

A) Cytotoxic T-cells B) Plasma cells (differentiated B-cells) C) Natural Killer (NK) cells D) Dendritic cells

37. Fever is a component of which type of immunity?

A) Acquired immunity B) Humoral immunity C) Cell-mediated immunity D) Innate immunity

38. Which of the following is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the liver?

A) Malaria B) Typhoid C) Hepatitis D) Dengue

39. The 'secondary response' in acquired immunity is:

A) Slow and weak upon first exposure. B) Rapid and strong upon subsequent exposure. C) Dependent on phagocytosis only. D) Mediated by innate immune cells exclusively.

40. Which pathogen causes amoebiasis?

A) Plasmodium B) Entamoeba histolytica C) Salmonella D) Mycobacterium

41. Which of the following is a bacterial pathogen that causes cholera?

A) Vibrio cholerae B) Escherichia coli C) Shigella dysenteriae D) Clostridium tetani

42. What is the primary function of antibodies?

A) To directly kill bacteria. B) To mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells. C) To produce fever. D) To prevent entry of viruses into cells.

43. Which type of immunity is conferred by a vaccine?

A) Natural passive immunity B) Induced active immunity C) Natural active immunity D) Induced passive immunity

44. Which cellular component of innate immunity is responsible for releasing histamine and mediating allergic responses?

A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils (and Mast cells) D) Macrophages

45. Which disease is caused by the fungus Candida albicans?

A) Ringworm B) Athlete's foot C) Thrush (Candidiasis) D) Malaria

46. Which of the following is a characteristic of acquired immunity?

A) It is present from birth. B) It is non-specific. C) It involves immunological memory. D) It does not improve with repeated exposure.

47. What is the role of Regulatory T-cells (Treg)?

A) To enhance the immune response. B) To suppress the immune response and prevent autoimmunity. C) To produce antibodies. D) To directly kill infected cells.

48. Which is a common bacterial pathogen causing dysentery?

A) Vibrio cholerae B) Shigella dysenteriae C) Salmonella enterica D) Staphylococcus aureus

49. Which type of cell plays a role in both innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens?

A) Red blood cells B) Platelets C) Dendritic cells D) Epithelial cells

50. Which virus causes chickenpox and shingles?

A) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) B) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) C) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) D) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Human health and diseases - common pathogens, basic concepts of immunity innate and acquired immunity - Online Test

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