NEET UG - Human health and diseases - common pathogens, basic concepts of immunity innate and acquired immunity Question Bank with Options

1. Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier in the innate immune system?

A) Mucus

B) Phagocytosis

C) Inflammation

D) Fever

2. Which virus causes chickenpox and shingles?

A) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

B) Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

C) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

D) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

3. Which type of cell plays a role in both innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens?

A) Red blood cells

B) Platelets

C) Dendritic cells

D) Epithelial cells

4. Which is a common bacterial pathogen causing dysentery?

A) Vibrio cholerae

B) Shigella dysenteriae

C) Salmonella enterica

D) Staphylococcus aureus

5. What is the role of Regulatory T-cells (Treg)?

A) To enhance the immune response.

B) To suppress the immune response and prevent autoimmunity.

C) To produce antibodies.

D) To directly kill infected cells.

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of acquired immunity?

A) It is present from birth.

B) It is non-specific.

C) It involves immunological memory.

D) It does not improve with repeated exposure.

7. Which disease is caused by the fungus Candida albicans?

A) Ringworm

B) Athlete's foot

C) Thrush (Candidiasis)

D) Malaria

8. Which cellular component of innate immunity is responsible for releasing histamine and mediating allergic responses?

A) Neutrophils

B) Eosinophils

C) Basophils (and Mast cells)

D) Macrophages

9. Which type of immunity is conferred by a vaccine?

A) Natural passive immunity

B) Induced active immunity

C) Natural active immunity

D) Induced passive immunity

10. What is the primary function of antibodies?

A) To directly kill bacteria.

B) To mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.

C) To produce fever.

D) To prevent entry of viruses into cells.

11. Which of the following is a bacterial pathogen that causes cholera?

A) Vibrio cholerae

B) Escherichia coli

C) Shigella dysenteriae

D) Clostridium tetani

12. Which pathogen causes amoebiasis?

A) Plasmodium

B) Entamoeba histolytica

C) Salmonella

D) Mycobacterium

13. The 'secondary response' in acquired immunity is:

A) Slow and weak upon first exposure.

B) Rapid and strong upon subsequent exposure.

C) Dependent on phagocytosis only.

D) Mediated by innate immune cells exclusively.

14. Which of the following is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the liver?

A) Malaria

B) Typhoid

C) Hepatitis

D) Dengue

15. Fever is a component of which type of immunity?

A) Acquired immunity

B) Humoral immunity

C) Cell-mediated immunity

D) Innate immunity

16. Which immune cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

A) Cytotoxic T-cells

B) Plasma cells (differentiated B-cells)

C) Natural Killer (NK) cells

D) Dendritic cells

17. The adaptive immune system is characterized by:

A) General responses and physical barriers.

B) Specificity, memory, and diversity.

C) Rapid and immediate action.

D) Lack of involvement of lymphocytes.

18. Which of the following is a bacterial disease that affects the respiratory system and is characterized by a greyish-white membrane in the throat?

A) Tuberculosis

B) Pneumonia

C) Diphtheria

D) Whooping cough

19. Which organ is primarily affected by the Hepatitis B virus?

A) Kidneys

B) Lungs

C) Liver

D) Brain

20. Which pathogen causes common cold?

A) Streptococcus pyogenes

B) Rhinoviruses

C) Influenza virus

D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

21. Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to child across the placenta?

A) Active innate immunity

B) Active acquired immunity

C) Passive acquired immunity

D) Cell-mediated acquired immunity

22. Which of the following is a cellular barrier in innate immunity?

A) Acidic pH of the stomach

B) Inflammation

C) Lysozyme

D) Phagocytic cells

23. What is the term for a substance that induces an immune response?

A) Antibody

B) Antigen

C) Cytokine

D) Phagocyte

24. Which of the following is a disease caused by a helminth?

A) Chickenpox

B) Filariasis (Elephantiasis)

C) Cholera

D) Poliomyelitis

25. What is the role of Helper T-cells (CD4+ cells) in acquired immunity?

A) To directly kill infected cells.

B) To suppress the immune response.

C) To activate B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

D) To engulf pathogens.

26. Which of the following is NOT a type of immune cell?

A) Lymphocyte

B) Neutrophil

C) Erythrocyte

D) Macrophage

27. The 'primary response' in acquired immunity is:

A) Rapid and vigorous upon first exposure.

B) Slow and less intense upon first exposure.

C) Rapid and vigorous upon subsequent exposures.

D) Mediated solely by B-cells.

28. Which disease is characterized by the formation of tubercles in the lungs?

A) Malaria

B) Typhoid

C) Tuberculosis

D) Diphtheria

29. Which of the following is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis?

A) Ascaris lumbricoides

B) Entamoeba histolytica

C) Wuchereria bancrofti

D) Taenia solium

30. A person is infected with a virus. Which type of immune response would be most effective in clearing the infection?

A) Antibody production (humoral immunity)

B) Cell-mediated immunity

C) Inflammatory response

D) Phagocytosis by neutrophils

31. Which type of T-cell is responsible for killing infected cells directly?

A) Helper T-cell

B) Regulatory T-cell

C) Cytotoxic T-cell

D) Memory T-cell

32. Which component of innate immunity provides a chemical barrier?

A) Phagocytes

B) Skin

C) Lysozyme

D) Fever

33. Passive immunity is acquired when:

A) An individual is vaccinated.

B) An individual recovers from a disease.

C) Antibodies are transferred from one individual to another.

D) T-cells are activated.

34. The ability of the body to resist disease is called:

A) Pathogenesis

B) Immunity

C) Inflammation

D) Allergy

35. Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in:

A) Directly killing pathogens.

B) Regulating immune responses.

C) Forming antibodies.

D) Blocking viral entry into cells.

36. The 'second line of defense' in innate immunity includes:

A) Skin and mucous membranes

B) Phagocytic cells and inflammation

C) Antibodies and memory cells

D) Vaccination

37. Which of the following is a common bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia?

A) Plasmodium vivax

B) Streptococcus pneumoniae

C) Entamoeba histolytica

D) Rhizopus

38. Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by species of:

A) Candida

B) Aspergillus

C) Microsporum

D) Penicillium

39. What is the main target of HIV in the human body?

A) Red blood cells

B) Liver cells

C) Helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cells)

D) Neurons

40. Which virus is responsible for AIDS?

A) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

B) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

C) Influenza Virus

D) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

41. Which disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi?

A) Pneumonia

B) Tuberculosis

C) Typhoid fever

D) Diphtheria

42. Which pathogen causes malaria?

A) Streptococcus pneumoniae

B) Plasmodium falciparum

C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

D) HIV

43. What is the function of memory cells in acquired immunity?

A) To initiate the primary immune response.

B) To provide a faster and stronger secondary response upon re-exposure.

C) To present antigens to B-cells.

D) To suppress the immune response.

44. Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies?

A) Innate immunity

B) Cell-mediated immunity

C) Humoral immunity

D) Passive immunity

45. Which of these is a physical barrier in innate immunity?

A) Lysozyme in tears

B) Fever

C) Inflammation

D) Skin

46. Acquired immunity is also known as:

A) Innate immunity

B) Adaptive immunity

C) Non-specific immunity

D) Cellular immunity

47. What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?

A) To produce antibodies

B) To directly kill virus-infected cells

C) To engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

D) To regulate the activity of B-cells

48. Which of the following is an example of an antigen?

A) An antibody

B) A vaccine

C) A foreign protein on a pathogen

D) A cytokine

49. Antibodies are produced by which type of immune cell?

A) T-helper cells

B) Cytotoxic T-cells

C) B-cells (differentiated into plasma cells)

D) Macrophages

50. Which type of cell is primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A) B-lymphocytes

B) Plasma cells

C) T-lymphocytes

D) Mast cells

Human health and diseases - common pathogens, basic concepts of immunity innate and acquired immunity - Question Bank