Blood and circulation – composition, haemopoiesis, clotting - Question Bank

1. What is the main function of lymphocytes in the context of blood circulation?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Phagocytosis of bacteria
C) Immune response
D) Clot formation
2. Which clotting factor is also known as prothrombin?
A) Factor I
B) Factor II
C) Factor V
D) Factor VII
3. What is the name of the process where white blood cells engulf foreign particles?
A) Pinocytosis
B) Phagocytosis
C) Endocytosis
D) Exocytosis
4. Which component of blood plasma is most abundant?
A) Water
B) Proteins
C) Ions
D) Nutrients
5. What is the function of heparin, an anticoagulant found in mast cells?
A) It enhances the activity of antithrombin III.
B) It directly inhibits thrombin.
C) It prevents the activation of Factor X.
D) It binds to calcium ions.
6. Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells?
A) Thyroxine
B) Erythropoietin
C) Insulin
D) Growth hormone
7. What is the role of Factor XIII (Fibrin-stabilizing factor)?
A) To convert prothrombin to thrombin
B) To activate Factor X
C) To cross-link fibrin polymers, stabilizing the clot
D) To initiate the coagulation cascade
8. Which of the following is a key difference between plasma and serum?
A) Plasma contains red blood cells, serum does not.
B) Serum contains clotting factors, plasma does not.
C) Plasma contains clotting factors, serum does not (as they are consumed during clotting).
D) Plasma is yellow, serum is red.
9. What is the term for an abnormally low number of white blood cells?
A) Leukocytosis
B) Leukopenia
C) Thrombocytopenia
D) Anemia
10. Which plasma protein is involved in the transport of copper?
A) Albumin
B) Transferrin
C) Ceruloplasmin
D) Fibrinogen
11. What is the function of megakaryocytes?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Phagocytosing pathogens
C) Producing platelets
D) Transporting oxygen
12. Which clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A?
A) Factor VII
B) Factor VIII
C) Factor IX
D) Factor XI
13. What is the primary function of the spleen in relation to blood?
A) Producing new red blood cells
B) Filtering blood and removing old red blood cells
C) Synthesizing clotting factors
D) Storing platelets
14. Which of the following is a granulocyte?
A) Monocyte
B) Lymphocyte
C) Basophil
D) Erythrocyte
15. What is the role of anti-thrombin in blood?
A) To promote clotting
B) To inhibit clotting by binding to thrombin and other clotting factors
C) To transport oxygen
D) To fight infections
16. Which type of anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid?
A) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Sickle cell anemia
C) Megaloblastic anemia
D) Aplastic anemia
17. What is the term for the process of red blood cells clumping together?
A) Agglutination
B) Hemolysis
C) Erythropoiesis
D) Leukocytosis
18. Which of the following is a key component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
A) Factor VIII
B) Factor IX
C) Tissue factor (Factor III)
D) Factor XII
19. What is the function of the enzyme thrombin in blood clotting?
A) To activate Factor X
B) To convert fibrinogen to fibrin
C) To stabilize the fibrin clot
D) To break down existing clots
20. Which molecule is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin?
A) Bilirubin
B) Urea
C) Lactic acid
D) Creatinine
21. What is the main characteristic of an eosinophil?
A) Granules that stain blue
B) Granules that stain red/pink
C) Lack of visible granules
D) Large, kidney-shaped nucleus
22. Which plasma protein is involved in the transport of iron?
A) Ceruloplasmin
B) Transferrin
C) Haptoglobin
D) Hemopexin
23. What is the role of plasmin in the circulatory system?
A) Initiates blood clotting
B) Dissolves blood clots
C) Transports oxygen
D) Carries nutrients
24. Which of the following is a precursor cell for all blood cells?
A) Erythroblast
B) Myeloblast
C) Hematopoietic stem cell
D) Megakaryocyte
25. What is the function of basophils, a type of white blood cell?
A) Releasing histamine and heparin
B) Phagocytosing bacteria
C) Producing antibodies
D) Killing parasitic worms
26. Which clotting factor is also known as fibrinogen?
A) Factor I
B) Factor II
C) Factor III
D) Factor IV
27. What is the primary site of destruction for old red blood cells?
A) Bone marrow
B) Kidneys
C) Liver and spleen
D) Lymph nodes
28. Which component of blood plasma carries lipids from the digestive system to the tissues?
A) Albumin
B) Lipoproteins
C) Fibrinogen
D) Transferrin
29. What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in blood clotting?
A) They directly convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
B) They are required as cofactors for several clotting factors.
C) They inhibit the action of thrombin.
D) They dissolve existing blood clots.
30. Which of the following is a characteristic of a monocyte?
A) Bilobed nucleus
B) Kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
C) Segmented nucleus with 3-5 lobes
D) Large, dark, round nucleus
31. What is the term for a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and obstructs flow?
A) Embolus
B) Thrombus
C) Aneurysm
D) Hemorrhage
32. Which organ is responsible for producing most clotting factors?
A) Kidney
B) Spleen
C) Liver
D) Pancreas
33. What is the substance that converts fibrinogen into fibrin?
A) Prothrombin
B) Thrombin
C) Factor Xa
D) Plasmin
34. Which component of plasma is involved in the immune response by producing antibodies?
A) Albumin
B) Alpha and beta globulins
C) Gamma globulins
D) Fibrinogen
35. What is the primary role of lymphocytes in blood?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Antibody production and cell-mediated immunity
D) Blood clotting
36. Which substance is released by damaged tissues to initiate the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
A) Thrombin
B) Fibrinogen
C) Tissue factor (Factor III)
D) Platelet-activating factor
37. What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell in humans?
A) 10-20 days
B) 40-60 days
C) 100-120 days
D) 200-240 days
38. Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant and phagocytizes bacteria?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Monocyte
C) Neutrophil
D) Eosinophil
39. What is the final step in the coagulation cascade that forms a stable clot?
A) Activation of Factor X
B) Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
C) Formation of prothrombin activator
D) Release of calcium ions
40. Which of the following is a key component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
A) Tissue factor (Factor III)
B) Factor XII (Hageman factor)
C) Calcium ions
D) Vitamin K
41. What is the protein responsible for the red color of blood and oxygen transport?
A) Myoglobin
B) Hemoglobin
C) Albumin
D) Collagen
42. Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin A
43. What is the main function of platelets (thrombocytes)?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Immune response
C) Blood clotting
D) Nutrient transport
44. Which plasma protein is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure of blood?
A) Globulins
B) Fibrinogen
C) Albumin
D) Prothrombin
45. Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adult mammals?
A) Liver
B) Spleen
C) Bone marrow
D) Lymph nodes
46. What is the process of blood cell formation called?
A) Hemostasis
B) Hematopoiesis
C) Hemolysis
D) Hemoglobin synthesis
47. Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?
A) Neutrophil
B) Eosinophil
C) Monocyte
D) Erythrocyte
48. What is the liquid matrix of blood called?
A) Serum
B) Plasma
C) Lymph
D) Cytoplasm
49. Which component of blood is responsible for immunity and fighting diseases?
A) Platelets
B) Plasma
C) White blood cells (leukocytes)
D) Red blood cells
50. What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
A) Fighting infection
B) Transporting oxygen
C) Clotting blood
D) Producing antibodies
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