Plant Reproduction and Embryology - Question Bank

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of cleistogamous flowers?
A) They remain closed and always self-pollinate
B) They are brightly colored to attract pollinators
C) They require cross-pollination
D) They produce nectar
2. The gametophyte generation in angiosperms is represented by the:
A) Sporophyte plant
B) Pollen grain and embryo sac
C) Zygote
D) Seed
3. In a typical angiosperm life cycle, the sporophyte generation is:
A) Haploid and dominant
B) Diploid and dominant
C) Haploid and reduced
D) Diploid and reduced
4. Which part of the embryo develops into the shoot apex and the first leaves?
A) Radicle
B) Hypocotyl
C) Plumule
D) Epicotyl
5. What is the significance of the chalaza in the ovule?
A) It is the attachment point of the ovule to the placenta
B) It is the opening for pollen entry
C) It develops into the seed coat
D) It contains the egg cell
6. The process of pollen tube penetration through the ovule is guided by:
A) Gravity
B) Chemotropism
C) Phototropism
D) Hydrotropism
7. What is the primary function of the cotyledons in a dicot seed?
A) To protect the embryo
B) To develop into the first leaves
C) To store or absorb food
D) To anchor the seedling
8. Which structure in the ovule eventually develops into the embryo?
A) Nucellus
B) Integument
C) Embryo sac
D) Micropyle
9. What is the term for the phenomenon where the embryo develops from an unfertilized egg cell?
A) Parthenogenesis
B) Apomixis
C) Gynogenesis
D) Androgenesis
10. The arrangement of cells within the embryo sac typically includes:
A) One egg cell, two polar nuclei, two synergids, and three antipodal cells
B) One egg cell, one polar nucleus, three synergids, and two antipodal cells
C) Two egg cells, one polar nucleus, one synergid, and three antipodal cells
D) Three egg cells, two polar nuclei, one synergid, and two antipodal cells
11. What is the ovule enclosed within?
A) Anther
B) Stigma
C) Ovary
D) Filament
12. What is the function of the style in the pistil?
A) To receive pollen
B) To connect the stigma to the ovary
C) To develop into the fruit
D) To produce ovules
13. Which part of the stamen produces pollen?
A) Filament
B) Anther
C) Connective
D) Pollen tube
14. The process where the embryo within the seed becomes dormant is called:
A) Germination
B) Stratification
C) Dormancy
D) Scarification
15. An example of a multiple fruit developing from an inflorescence is:
A) Apple
B) Strawberry
C) Jackfruit
D) Tomato
16. Which type of fruit develops from a single flower with multiple pistils?
A) Aggregate fruit
B) Multiple fruit
C) Simple fruit
D) Accessory fruit
17. What is perisperm?
A) Remnants of the nucellus persisting in the seed
B) The primary endosperm nucleus
C) The outer layer of the seed coat
D) The embryo axis
18. In angiosperms, the male gametophyte is represented by the:
A) Ovule
B) Embryo sac
C) Pollen grain
D) Ovary
19. What is the function of the coleorhiza in monocot seedlings?
A) To protect the developing shoot
B) To protect the developing root
C) To absorb water
D) To store food
20. The process of seed germination is initiated by:
A) High temperature
B) Adequate moisture
C) Darkness
D) Low oxygen levels
21. What is the role of the nucellus in the ovule?
A) To develop into the fruit wall
B) To nourish the developing embryo sac and embryo
C) To form the seed coat
D) To attract pollinators
22. Which mechanism prevents self-pollination in many plants?
A) Protandry (anthers mature before stigma)
B) Protogyny (stigma matures before anthers)
C) Dichogamy (temporal separation of maturation)
D) All of the above
23. Xenogamy is synonymous with:
A) Self-pollination
B) Cross-pollination
C) Artificial pollination
D) Cleistogamy
24. Geitonogamy is a type of pollination that involves:
A) Pollen transfer between flowers on the same plant
B) Pollen transfer between flowers on different plants
C) Pollen transfer within the same flower
D) Pollen transfer by wind only
25. What is autogamy?
A) Pollination between different plants of the same species
B) Pollination between flowers of different species
C) Pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower
D) Pollination by insects
26. Which term describes the phenomenon where a single plant produces both male and female reproductive structures?
A) Dioecious
B) Monoecious
C) Unisexual
D) Bisexual
27. What is the function of the coleoptile in monocot seedlings?
A) To protect the developing shoot
B) To absorb nutrients
C) To anchor the plant
D) To store food
28. A dry fruit that splits open along one suture to release seeds is called a:
A) Achene
B) Samara
C) Legume
D) Capsule
29. Which of the following is an example of a fleshy fruit?
A) Pea pod
B) Capsule
C) Berry
D) Nut
30. What is the primary role of fruits in plant reproduction?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Absorption of water
C) Seed dispersal
D) Nutrient storage
31. Parthenocarpy refers to the development of fruits without:
A) Pollination
B) Fertilization
C) Seeds
D) Pollen
32. Which part of the flower develops into the fruit?
A) Ovary
B) Ovule
C) Petal
D) Stamen
33. What is the pericarp?
A) The seed coat
B) The fruit wall derived from the ovary wall
C) The embryo sac
D) The endosperm
34. In monocot seeds like maize, the scutellum is a modified:
A) Endosperm
B) Cotyledon
C) Coleoptile
D) Plumule
35. Which type of seed contains stored food in the endosperm?
A) Exalbuminous seed
B) Albuminous seed
C) Dicotyledonous seed
D) Monocotyledonous seed
36. What is the function of the hypocotyl in a seedling?
A) To develop into the first leaves
B) To form the primary root
C) To connect the cotyledons to the radicle
D) To store food
37. The radicle is the embryonic root, and it develops from which part of the embryo?
A) Plumule
B) Hypocotyl
C) Radicle
D) Epicotyl
38. In a typical dicot embryo, the plumule develops into the:
A) Root system
B) Shoot system
C) Cotyledons
D) Seed coat
39. What is the role of the micropyle in an ovule?
A) It is the entry point for the pollen tube
B) It develops into the seed
C) It forms the fruit
D) It protects the ovule
40. What is emasculation in plant breeding?
A) Removal of stigma
B) Removal of stamens from a bisexual flower
C) Removal of petals
D) Induction of self-pollination
41. Which of the following is a common method of artificial pollination?
A) Wind pollination
B) Insect pollination
C) Emasculation and hand-pollination
D) Water pollination
42. Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in plants that mimics sexual reproduction by producing seeds without:
A) Pollination
B) Fertilization
C) Pollen
D) Ovary
43. What is the function of the embryo sac (female gametophyte) in angiosperms?
A) To produce pollen
B) To contain the egg cell and polar nuclei
C) To develop into the fruit wall
D) To anchor the plant
44. Which part of the ovule develops into the seed coat?
A) Integuments
B) Nucellus
C) Embryo sac
D) Micropyle
45. What is the primary role of the endosperm in a seed?
A) Protection of the embryo
B) Attracting pollinators
C) Providing nourishment to the developing embryo
D) Aiding in seed dispersal
46. What is double fertilization, a characteristic feature of angiosperms?
A) Fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell
B) Fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell and another with the polar nuclei
C) Fusion of the pollen tube with the ovule
D) Fusion of two polar nuclei
47. The fusion of male gamete with the egg cell results in the formation of:
A) Endosperm
B) Zygote
C) Embryo sac
D) Pollen tube
48. What is the female gamete in flowering plants called?
A) Pollen grain
B) Sperm cell
C) Egg cell (ovum)
D) Zygote
49. In angiosperms, what does a pollen grain contain?
A) Ovule and embryo sac
B) Egg cell and polar nuclei
C) Two male gametes and a tube nucleus
D) Stigma and style
50. What is the process by which pollen grains germinate on the stigma?
A) Fertilization
B) Pollination
C) Germination
D) Pollen tube growth
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